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he died at age 23..
[ Last edited by AzusaFuyutsuki at 4-4-2006 08:15 AM ] |
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Third Class Passengers
Many of those travelling third class or steerage were emigrants travelling to the United States from Ireland and Scandinavia. In all some 33 nationalities were represented in the passenger lists.
A third class ticket cost between £3 and £8
The information below contains statistics on some of the nationalities travelling in third class and survival accounts.
Irish
There were around 120 Irish passengers on the Titanic most of whom were emigrants hoping for a better life in America. Most of them did not make it. However, Anna Kelly who had gone up on deck to investigate what had happened, survived in lifeboat 16. She later became a nun.
Finnish
There were 63 Finnish passengers on the Titanic of whom only 20 survived. Mathilda Backstr was travelling to New York with her husband and brothers. She survived in one of the last lifeboats to leave - collapsible D. Her husband and brothers died.
Swedish
There were about 26 Swedish passengers on board the Titanic of whom most were travelling third class. Many did not reach their destination. Mrs Hjalmar Sandstr, (Agnes Charlotta Bengtsson ) was travelling with her two daughters. They all survived the disaster in lifeboat 13.
Belgians
There were 24 Belgians on board the Titanic, 23 in third class. Two lucky Belgians, Emma Duyvejonck and Henri Van der Steen were turned away at Southampton. Only 4 Belgians, all men, survived the disaster.
There were 706 third class passengers on board - 462 men, 165 women and 79 children
178 third class passengers survived the disaster - 75 men, 76 women and 27 children |
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Why did the Titanic sink?
"We have struck iceberg ... sinking fast ... come to our assistance."
The ship was doomed and it was slowly sliding into its watery grave. But why did the largest, most advanced ship of the century sink?
It was Captain Smith's fault
This was Captain E. J. Smith's retirement trip. All he had to do was get to New York in record time. Captain E. J. Smith said years before the Titanic's voyage, "I cannot imagine any condition which would cause a ship to founder. Modern shipbuilding has gone beyond that." Captain Smith ignored seven iceberg warnings from his crew and other ships. If he had called for the ship to slow down then maybe the Titanic disaster would not have happened.
It was the shipbuilder's fault
About three million rivets were used to hold the sections of the Titanic together. Some rivets have been recovered from the wreck and analysed. The findings show that they were made of sub-standard iron. When the ship hit the iceberg, the force of the impact caused the heads of the rivets to break and the sections of the Titanic to come apart. If good quality iron rivets had been used the sections may have stayed together and the ship may not have sunk.
It was Bruce Ismay's fault
Bruce Ismay was the Managing Director of the White Star Line and he was aboard the Titanic. Competition for Atlantic passengers was fierce and the White Star Line wanted to show that they could make a six-day crossing. To meet this schedule the Titanic could not afford to slow down. It is believed that Ismay put pressure on Captain Smith to maintain the speed of the ship.
It was Thomas Andrews' fault
The belief that the ship was unsinkable was, in part, due to the fact that the Titanic had sixteen watertight compartments. However, the compartments did not reach as high as they should have done. The White Star Line did not want them to go all the way up because this would have reduced living space in first class. If Mr Andrews, the ship's architect, had insisted on making them the correct height then maybe the Titanic would not have sunk.
It was Captain Lord's Fault
The final iceberg warning sent to Titanic was from the Californian. Captained by Walter Lord, she had stopped for the night about 19 miles north of Titanic. At around 11.15, Californian's radio operator turned off the radio and went to bed. Sometime after midnight the crew on watch reported seeing rockets being fired into the sky from a big liner. Captain Lord was informed but it was concluded that the ship was having a party. No action was taken by the Californian. If the Californian had turned on the radio she would have heard the distress messages from Titanic and would have been able to reach the ship in time to save all passengers.
Was Captain Smith past his best?
Was money a key factor in the disaster?
Did laws need to be changed?
Who was to blame for the sinking of the Titanic?
Both America and Britain held inquiries into the disaster. both reached the almost identical conclusions.
The American inquiry concluded that Captain Smith should have slowed the speed of the boat given the icy weather conditions.
The British inquiry, on the other hand, concluded that maintaining speed in icy weather conditions was common practice.
Both inquiries agreed on who was most at fault - Captain Stanley Lord of the Californian. The inquiries stated that if Lord had gone to Titanic's assistance when the first rocket was seen then everyone would have been saved.
Both inquiries made recommendations:
All ships must carry sufficient lifeboats for the number of passengers on board.
Ship radios should be manned 24 hours a day.
Regular lifeboat drills should be held.
Speed should be reduced in ice, fog or any other areas of possible danger. |
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Why Did People Believe Titanic Was Unsinkable?
It seems incredible to us today that anyone could believe that 70,000 tonnes of steel could be unsinkable, but that was exactly what people in 1912 believed. The information on this page will seek to look at some of the reasons why people at the time had that belief.
The shipbuilders Harland and Wolff insist that the Titanic was never advertised as an unsinkable ship. They claim that the 'unsinkable' myth was the result of people's interpretations of articles in the Irish News and the Shipbuilder magazine. They also claim that the myth grew after the disaster.
Yet, when the New York office of the White Star Line was informed that Titanic was in trouble, White Star Line Vice President P.A.S. Franklin announced " We place absolute confidence in the Titanic. We believe the boat is unsinkable." By the time Franklin spoke those words Titanic was at the bottom of the ocean. It would seem that the White Star Line President was also influenced by the 'myth'.
It is difficult to discover exactly where or when the term 'unsinkable' was first used. Listed below are some possibilities.
An extract from a White Star Line publicity brochure produced in 1910 for the twin ships Olympic and Titanic which states ??these two wonderful vessels are designed to be unsinkable. Some sources state that this wording was used on an advertising flyer while others point to an illustrated brochure. The White Star Line insist that the words used in the publicity brochure (shown belowt) only point to Titanic's being designed to be unsinkable, not that it was claimed to be unsinkable.
On June 1, 1911, the Irish News and Belfast Morning News contained a report on the launching of Titanic's hull. The article described the system of watertight compartments and electronic watertight doors and concluded that Titanic was practically unsinkable.
In 1911, Shipbuilder magazine published an article on the White Star Line's sister ships Titanic and Olympic. The article described the construction of the ship and concluded that Titanic was practically unsinkable.
"God himself could not sink this ship!" This quotation, made famous by Cameron's film, is reputed to have been the answer given by a deck hand when asked if Titanic was really unsinkable.
Whatever the origin of the belief, there is no doubt that people did believe Titanic to be unsinkable.
Passenger Margaret Devaney said "I took passage on the Titanic for I thought it would be a safe steamship and I had heard it could not sink."
Another passenger, Thomson Beattie, wrote home "We are changing ships and coming home in a new unsinkable boat."
It was the beginning of the twentieth century and people had absolute faith in new science and technology. They believed that science in the twentieth century could and would provide answers to solve all problems.
The sinking of the 'unsinkable' Titanic shattered much confidence in science and made people more sceptical about such fantastic claims. |
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The Californian
So near but yet so far away....
The Titanic was not the only ship in the North Atlantic ice field on the night of 14th April 1912
At around 10.30pm the liner Californian had stopped at the edge of the ice field for the night. They had turned off their radio and the operator had gone to bed.
The night crew of the Californian noticed a big passenger liner stop some six miles to the south at 11.40pm.
Shortly after midnight the Captain of the Californian was told by his crew that the big passenger liner was firing rockets into the sky. They concluded that the ship had stopped for the night and was having a party.
At 2.20am it was noticed that the big ship had disappeared and the crew believed that it had steamed away.
At 3.20am more rockets were seen and by 4.00am another ship, the Carpathia, could be clearly seen in the last noted position of the big liner.
The Californian's wireless operator was awoken at around 5am and the crew learned of the fate of the Titanic.
In the British and American inquiries into the disaster, Captain Stanley Lord of the Californian maintained that his ship was positioned nineteen miles north of the Titanic not six and could not have reached the Titanic in time to rescue passengers.
However, many of Titanic's survivors testified that there was indeed another ship about six miles north of Titanic.
The inquiries concluded that the Californian had indeed been just six miles to the north of Titanic and could have reached the Titanic before it sank.
But was it the Californian?
Could there have been another ship in the area? |
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wrong...
Originally posted by AzusaFuyutsuki at 4-4-2006 01:09 PM
kalau real world titanic tak de Jack Dawson tapi yg pasti ada James Dawson, salah sorang pekerja di bahagian coal chamber..James salah sorang yg terkorban masa titanic tenggelam...tapi masa fil ...
That Grave is John Dawson, a stoker on the TITANIC not james dawson...
[ Last edited by sephia_liza at 5-4-2006 03:14 PM ] |
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Originally posted by sephia_liza at 5-4-2006 10:12 AM
That Grave is John Dawson, a stoker on the TITANIC not james dawson...
no it's not..in Mackay Bennet list...his body is listed as James Dawson |
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well...in encyclopedia-titanica..Joseph Dawson...
Joseph Dawson in the uniform of the Royal Army Medical Corps, 1911.
From "The Irish Aboard Titanic."
(Courtesy of Senan Molony, Ireland)
Mr Joseph Dawson, 23, from Dublin, Ireland came to Southampton to look for work. He joined the Titanic as a Trimmer and perished in the sinking. His body was recovered (#227) and he was buried in Fairview Lawn Cemetery, Halifax, N.S. on 8 May 1912.
[ Last edited by AzusaFuyutsuki at 5-4-2006 10:53 AM ] |
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The Real Jack Dawson
by Senan Molony
Sunday 11 March 2001
New research into the life of one of the least known but most intriguing of Titanic victims
There is a grave in Halifax - a humdrum, unadorned marker, modest in comparison with many of its fellows, victims all of the RMS Titanic disaster. The stone at Fairview Lawn cemetery in Nova Scotia bears the number 227, the date of the epoch-making disaster, and the terse inscription of a name: "J. Dawson." For years it was just another name, a headstone and a footnote. Until a 1997 cinematic blockbuster that propelled the Titanic catastrophe back to the forefront of public consciousness. J. Dawson didn't matter until James Cameron made the fictitious character of Jack Dawson a vehicle for his ice-struck love story. Leonardo Di Caprio broke more than the heart of his screen sweetheart, the equally fictitious first class passenger Rose DeWitt Bukater (Kate Winslet). A modern generation of young females pined for the young vagabond - and allowed their tears to blur their perceptions of reality. Websites like Encyclopedia Titanica were plagued with questions asking whether Jack and Rose were real people. The grave marker suddenly became a focal point for adolescent emotion. The nondescript body fished from the sea by the Mackay-Bennett and buried in Canadian clay on May 8, 1912, was now a "somebody." Floral tributes sprouted in front of the J. Dawson stone. Admirers left photographs of Di Caprio and of themselves, tucked cinema stubs beside the granite, took photographs and clippings of grass, even left hotel keys... Movie director James Cameron has said he had no idea there was a Dawson on shipboard back in April 1912. There are those who don't believe him, choosing to see instead the hint of an eponymous "jackdaw" plucking an attractive name - and subtly creating an extra strand to the myth.
Photos: Left: Leonardo Di Caprio in Titanic (1997 © 20th Century Fox);
Right: Grave 227 at Fairview Lawn Cemetery, Halifax, Nova Scotia (© Bob Knuckle, Canada)
So who WAS the real Jack Dawson?
A Discovery channel documentary to be aired across the USA in January 2001 addresses that question, drawing on new research in which I have played a part through my book, The Irish Aboard Titanic, the first text to draw attention to the real identity of body 227. Many more details have been unearthed in further research since.
Titanic folklorists long held to the oddly unshakeable belief that J. Dawson was a James, but this is now shown to be just another false assumption. His dungarees and other clothing immediately identified him as a member of the crew when his remains were recovered, and it is ironical that there are indications that Dawson had gone to some length at the time of deepest crisis to assert his right to an identity.
Off-duty when the impact occurred, crewman Dawson had time to root through this dunnage bag to equip himself with his National Sailors and Firemen's Union card - before finally being allowed topside with the rest of the black gang when all the boats were gone. It appears the 23-year-old was determined that if the worst should come to the worst, then at least his body might be identified for the sake of far-flung loved ones.
And so it proved. Card number 35638 gave the key - the corpse was that of one who signed himself J. Dawson. The name duly appears on the Titanic sign-on lists. J. Dawson was a trimmer, a stokehold slave who channelled coal to the firemen at the furnaces, all the time keeping the black mountains on a level plateau, so that no imbalances were caused to threaten the trim, or even-keel of the ship.
The sign-on papers yielded more - that Dawson was a 23-year-old, much younger than the estimated 30 years of age thought by the recovery crew who pulled him from the Atlantic's grasp. His address was given as 70 Briton Street, Southampton, and his home town listed as Dublin, Ireland.
But the man whose body wore no shoes - many firemen pulled off their heavy workboots on the poop deck of the Titanic before the stern inverted, hoping to save themselves by swimming [Thomas Dillon was one of the few who succeeded] - was to leave no footprint in Southampton. Later researchers would wander up a dead end, for there was no number 70 at Briton Street in those days. The numbers did not go up that far, and the trail was cold.
It is only through his Irish roots that the true J. Dawson begins to emerge.
A little over a mile from my house in Dublin there is a nursing home, where the oldest surviving member of the Dawson family lives out a feisty twilight at the age of 88, surrounded by crosswords and puzzle books. May Dawson was born in that year of 1912.
She remembers tales of Joseph Dawson, the family member who went to sea aboard the greatest vessel of her time. The trimmer who signed with a modest and economical first initial, instead of the Christian name that pointed to Catholic upbringing, identified with a plain "J", just as he had been when voyaging on the RMS Majestic, his first ship before Titanic. |
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How Joseph Dawson, a trained carpenter whose toolbox survived in the family for many years, left his home city and found a berth on the ship billed the "Queen of the Seas" is a story in some ways more fascinating than even that woven around his invented namesake, Jack Dawson.
The similarities between fact and fiction are striking however - both were young men, both largely penniless, who "gambled" their way aboard Titanic. One a serf to coal, the other a character who wielded charcoal to woo; and both were intimately bound up with beautiful sweethearts.
Yet the Joseph Dawson story has more with which to amaze and enthrall than that of the Di Caprio portrayal. There is more to it, indeed, than can be told in an hour-long documentary tailored for a TV mass market. Charlie Haas, Brian Ticehurst, Alan Ruffman and your essayist herewith all contribute interviews to the programme, "The Real Jack Dawson", made by BBC Manchester, which will air after Christmas.
While others touch on varying aspects of the disaster and the vessel as it affected a lowly trimmer, I hope here to tell the extraordinary personal story that shaped Joseph Dawson.
He was a child born in a red-light area to a father who should have been a priest.
Joseph Dawson was born in the slums of Dublin in September 1888 - at the very time when Jack the Ripper's reign of terror among prostitutes was at its height in the gas-lit cobble lanes of neighbouring London.
The mewling infant that came into the world in the sordid surrounds of "Monto", the inner-city Dublin demi-monde whose trade in a myriad predilections was later to provide the backdrop for the Nighttown chapter in James Joyce's Ulysses, could not have known the circumstances of his birth.
Those details are indeed obscure - and deliberately so. The birth was never registered. The mother was a widow. The father was a widower who had once simply "jumped the wall" in family folklore to escape an o'er-hasty decision to enter as candidate for the Roman Catholic priesthood.
If Patrick Dawson, Joseph's father, was ever married to Catherine Madden, there is nothing now to say so. This union - a union that begat Joseph - was itself never registered. There is nothing to show the parents were married at the time of birth, not in the records of Catholic inner-city parishes where tenements bursting at the seams provided an endless succession of tiny heads to be wetted at the font, nor in the ledgers of the State which, since 1864, had been dutifully recording every marriage and each new citizen of Her Imperial Britannic Majesty, Victoria, by the grace of God, Queen of Great Britain and Ireland.
The failure to comply with the dictates of colonial masters is hardly surprising - up to five per cent of recalcitrants avoided official registration in those days - but the dispensation with Church sacrament for the wailing whelp is indeed extraordinary. It suggests an impediment, as indeed may have existed in the marital stakes.
Perhaps Patrick Dawson had burned his bridges. As a "spoiled priest," his choices in personal relationships were strictly limited in a society deferential to its clergy. And Patrick Dawson's family was steeped in the faith.
It provided a living for many of them in uncertain times. And it had done so for the extended Dawson clan since the days of the late 14th century, when proud kinsmen had been stripped of their lands around Tullow, Co Carlow. This vengeful scattering of the once-wealthy forebears followed the assassination of Richard Mortimer, Earl of March, heir to the English throne, ambushed and slain by the leading MacDaithi at nearby Kellistown, on July 10, 1398.
MacDaithi, in the Irish language, means "David's son", pronounced MacDawhee - and the native phonetics would later engender a simple Anglicisation to Dawson. From a place as patriarchs, the Dawsons were reduced to the status of beggars, mere tenants on their former pastures.
Thus the Church would become a refuge. It provided a living. One Dawson established an entire convent, and a tradition of Holy Orders grew through the centuries.
In 1854, the father of the man fated to die on the Titanic was born in Tullow. Patrick Dawson was one of four sons born to slater Thomas Dawson and his wife Mary. All four of these sons would enter the seminary. Only Patrick blotted the family escutcheon by "jumping the wall."
Patrick's three brothers - who became Fr Thomas, Fr William and Fr Bernard - were versed in Latin and Greek and moved up in the church. Patrick, the sole escapee, reverted to his earlier training as carpenter. He moved to Dublin.
He married a widow, when he was 24. The spoiled priest was lucky that any woman would have him. Maryanne Walsh, a maker of corsets, from Fishamble Street, where Handel had given the first-ever performance of his celebrated "Messiah", agreed to be his wife. After all, she already had a daughter, Bessie, to care for, and could not afford to be proud.
Patrick Dawson and the Widow Walsh were married in St Michan's Church, North Anne Street, in the heart of Dublin's markets area, on June 23, 1878. They lived at Dominick Place in the city.
The Widow Walsh bore him two sons, Timothy and John, bound to become a slater and tea porter respectively. Timothy, who would later serve in the Boer War with the Dublin Fusiliers, arrived first, in 1879, and baby John two years later. Tragedy would strike with the third child.
The Widow Walsh developed complications in delivery at the couple's cramped rented rooms in Copper Alley. She was rushed to the Coombe lying-in hospital where her child was born stillborn as its mother lapsed into coma. She died six days later, on February 22, 1883. She was only thirty.
Life was cheap, the pressures intense. The family had already hurtled from one rooming house to another, surviving on the piecework Patrick found as a coachmaker. One of the streets on which they lived had no fewer than three pawn shops, a sign of the widespread misery in a city long-before swollen by a tide of famine fugitives from the countryside.
Patrick was down on his luck when he fell in with Catherine Madden - another widow, again with a child of her own to rear. Soon they were living together in a room in Summerhill, close to the yard where Patrick worked.
They moved again and again, ever downward it appeared. Joseph Dawson, the focus of this article, arrived in 1888, followed by a sister, Margaret, four years later. This time the birth was registered, the parents formally identified.
By 1901, all the other childen save Joseph and Margaret were sufficiently grown up to have moved away or into the homes of other relatives. It is in the Irish Census of the turn of the century that we find Joseph Dawson listed for the first time - and the record, in the Irish National Archives, is the only piece of contemporary paper to list his full name.
The entry for the Dawson family in the Irish census of 1901,
with Joseph's name on the lower line
(Irish National Archives, Courtesy of Senan Molony, Ireland)
Patrick Dawson, described as a joiner, aged 44, is found living at a tenement in Rutland Street, north Dublin. Catherine, a year older and listed as Kate, is described as his wife although no certificate was ever issued. Here are the children - Maggie Dawson, aged 8, and Joseph, 12.
It is April 1901. In eleven years, Joseph Dawson will be the 23-year-old trimmer from Dublin who signs aboard the RMS Titanic. For now however, the family must live in just two small rooms, one of nine families compressed into the four-storey tenement. And they are among the lucky ones - other families of eight and nine members make do with a single room.
Determination drove them on through a widespread squalor, now thankfully consigned to the past. Joseph received an education, learned his father's trade of carpentry, was taught lessons by Jesuits who brought a crusading zeal into the community from nearby Belvedere College - later home of Fr Francis Browne SJ of Titanic photography fame - and grew to manhood.
An event in March 1909 catapulted him towards his fatal encounter with the White Star Line.
Catherine, mother to Joseph and his sister Margaret, succumbed to breast cancer. Her distraught husband Patrick, now 55, turned to his wider family for solace, just as relatives rallied round to provide opportunities for Joseph and Margaret in the wider scheme of things.
Fr Tom, Joseph's uncle, offered to provide them with accommodation and a start in a new life. He was now based in Birkenhead, near Liverpool, England. Joseph Dawson and his sister took the boat for Britain, as so many Irish emigrants before them.
Margaret went into service, and Joseph took the King's shilling, enlisting in the British Army as his half-brother Timothy had done only a decade before. Joseph chose the Royal Army Medical Corps and liked it. He took up boxing in the regiment, and was duly posted to Netley, one of the largest military hospitals in England. The magnet of Titanic now draws him closer. Netley is but three miles from Southampton. |
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cool information....
Originally posted by AzusaFuyutsuki at 5-4-2006 04:03 PM
How Joseph Dawson, a trained carpenter whose toolbox survived in the family for many years, left his home city and found a berth on the ship billed the "Queen of the Seas" is a story in s ...
ok i was wrong.....i'm sorry ok... |
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mana chumpon nie..kasik la kacang cap tangan sket...panjang kita orang buat nieh.. |
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Post time 4-4-2006 01:12 PM
Author
