Mari kita mengenali Innovator/Pencipta Devices

chemist_UTM

Salam all

Topik yg chem buka ni ialah utk kita ingat balik siapakah pencipta telefon? siapakah yg pertama kali membuat besi terbang (aircraft) ?

siapakah yg menemui newton's law? mestilah Newton kan  .. tp apakah aplikasi kepada Newton's law tu?

anything yg berkaitan dgn science,technology & mathematic..merangkumi penciptaan atau penemuan2 baru ataupun aplikasi kpd teori2 yg ditemui tadi..

jom contribute info dlm this thread..a credit would be given as our appreciation to your contribution..


Regards

[ Last edited by  amazed at 8-3-2009 16:17 ]

chemist_UTM

WHO INVENTED TOOTHBRUSH????

The toothbrush as we know it today was not invented until 1938. However, early forms of the toothbrush have been in existence since 3000 BC. Ancient civilizations used a "chew stick," which was a thin twig with a frayed end. These 'chew sticks' were rubbed against the teeth.

The bristle toothbrush, similar to the type used today, was not invented until 1498 in China. The bristles were actually the stiff, coarse hairs taken from the back of a hog's neck and attached to handles made of bone or bamboo.

Boar bristles were used until 1938, when nylon bristles were introduced by Dupont de Nemours. The first nylon toothbrush was called Doctor West's Miracle Toothbrush. Later, Americans were influenced by the disciplined hygiene habits of soldiers from World War II. They became increasingly concerned with the practice of good oral hygiene and quickly adopted the nylon toothbrush.

Some other interesting toothbrush facts:

The first mass-produced toothbrush was made by William Addis of Clerkenwald, England, around 1780.
The first American to patent a toothbrush was H. N. Wadsworth, (patent number 18,653,) on Nov. 7, 1857.
Mass production of toothbrushes began in America around 1885.
One of the first electric toothbrushes to hit the American market was in 1960. It was marketed by the Squibb company under the name Broxodent


- contributed by cutemulan8.
# mulan, since guy dah bg kredit kat topik sana,so chem masukkan disini yer info ni :tq:

cutemulan8

Who invented long lasting alkaline battery???

Lewis Frederick Urry, (January 29, 1927-October 19, 2004), was a Canadian chemical engineer and inventor. He invented both the alkaline battery and lithium battery while working for the Eveready Battery company.

Urry was born in Pontypool, Ontario and graduated with a degree in chemical engineering from the University of Toronto in 1950, having previously spent time serving in the Canadian army. He went to work for Eveready a few months after graduating.

In 1955 Urry was dispatched to the company's laboratory in Parma, Ohio in order to discover a way of extending the life span of the zinc-carbon battery. The low longevity of these batteries had been seriously damaging sales. Urry realised that developing a new battery would be more cost-effective than developing the old ones further.

Throughout the 1950s many engineers had experimented with alkaline batteries but nobody had been able to develop a longer running battery which was worth the higher cost of production. Urry, after testing a number of materials, discovered that manganese dioxide and solid zinc worked well coupled with an alkaline substance as an electrolyte. His main problem was that the battery could not provide enough power. Urry managed to overcome this problem by using powdered zinc.

In order to sell the idea to his managers, Urry put the battery in a toy car and raced it round the canteen against a similar car with one of the older batteries. His new invention had many times the durability, and Eveready began production of Urry's design. In 1980 the brand was renamed Energizer. Modern alkaline batteries, due to technological improvements, can last as much as 40 times longer than the original prototype.

In 1999 Urry gave his first prototype battery, along with the first commercially produced cylindrical battery, to the Smithsonian Institution. Both cells are now displayed in the same room as Edison's lightbulb.

cutemulan8

First mechanical pencil....

Slavoljub Eduard Penkala (April 20, 1871

cutemulan8

Levis.....

Levi Strauss (February 26, 1829朣eptember 26, 1902) was a German-born American clothing manufacturer.

Born as L鯾 Strauss into a Jewish family in Buttenheim in Franconia, Bavaria, now a part of Germany. In 1847, Strauss, his mother and two sisters moved to New York City to join his brothers Jonas and Louis L鯾 in their dry goods business. By 1850 he had adopted the name "Levi Strauss".

In 1853, Strauss moved to bustling San Francisco, California, where the California Gold Rush was still in high gear. Levi expected that the mining camps would welcome his buttons, scissors, thread and bolts of fabric; additionally, he had yards of canvas sailcloth intended for tent-making and as covers for the Conestoga wagons that dotted the landscape next to every stream and river in the area.

It was on California Street that Levi and his brother-in-law David Stern opened a dry goods wholesale business called Levi Strauss & Co. Levi was often found leading a pack-horse, heavily laden with merchandise, directly into the mining camps found throughout the region. The story goes that both prospectors and miners, often complaining about the easily torn cotton "britches" and pockets that "split right out" gave Levi the idea to make a rugged overall trouser for the miners to wear. These were fashioned from bolts of brown canvas sailcloth, with gold ore storage pockets that were nearly impossible to split. Levi exhausted his original supply of canvas as the demand grew for his hard-wearing overalls, and so he switched to a sturdy fabric called serge, made in Nimes, France. Originally called serge de Nimes, the name was soon shortened to denim.

In 1872, Levi received a letter from Jacob Davis, a Reno, Nevada tailor. Davis was one of Levi Strauss' regular customers, who purchased bolts of cloth from the company to use for his own business. In this letter, Davis told Levi about the interesting way in which he made pants for his customers: he placed metal rivets at the points of strain梡ocket corners and on the base of the fly. As he did not have the money to patent his process he suggested that Levi pay for the paperwork and that they take out the patent together.

On May 20, 1873, Strauss and Jacob Davis received United States patent #139121 for using copper rivets to strengthen the pockets of denim work pants. Levi Strauss & Co. began manufacturing the first of the famous Levi's brand of jeans in San Francisco, using fabric from the Amoskeag Manufacturing Company in Manchester, New Hampshire.

Levi Strauss died on September 26, 1902, at the age of 73. He left his thriving manufacturing and dry goods business to his four nephews桱acob, Louis, Abraham and Sigmund Stern梬ho helped rebuild the company after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire. The following year, Jacob Davis sold back his share of the company.

Peter Haas and his family are the primary heirs the to Levi Strauss fortune.

cutemulan8

Levis.....blue jeans...

Levi Strauss (February 26, 1829朣eptember 26, 1902) was a German-born American clothing manufacturer.

Born as L鯾 Strauss into a Jewish family in Buttenheim in Franconia, Bavaria, now a part of Germany. In 1847, Strauss, his mother and two sisters moved to New York City to join his brothers Jonas and Louis L鯾 in their dry goods business. By 1850 he had adopted the name "Levi Strauss".

In 1853, Strauss moved to bustling San Francisco, California, where the California Gold Rush was still in high gear. Levi expected that the mining camps would welcome his buttons, scissors, thread and bolts of fabric; additionally, he had yards of canvas sailcloth intended for tent-making and as covers for the Conestoga wagons that dotted the landscape next to every stream and river in the area.

It was on California Street that Levi and his brother-in-law David Stern opened a dry goods wholesale business called Levi Strauss & Co. Levi was often found leading a pack-horse, heavily laden with merchandise, directly into the mining camps found throughout the region. The story goes that both prospectors and miners, often complaining about the easily torn cotton "britches" and pockets that "split right out" gave Levi the idea to make a rugged overall trouser for the miners to wear. These were fashioned from bolts of brown canvas sailcloth, with gold ore storage pockets that were nearly impossible to split. Levi exhausted his original supply of canvas as the demand grew for his hard-wearing overalls, and so he switched to a sturdy fabric called serge, made in Nimes, France. Originally called serge de Nimes, the name was soon shortened to denim.

In 1872, Levi received a letter from Jacob Davis, a Reno, Nevada tailor. Davis was one of Levi Strauss' regular customers, who purchased bolts of cloth from the company to use for his own business. In this letter, Davis told Levi about the interesting way in which he made pants for his customers: he placed metal rivets at the points of strain梡ocket corners and on the base of the fly. As he did not have the money to patent his process he suggested that Levi pay for the paperwork and that they take out the patent together.

On May 20, 1873, Strauss and Jacob Davis received United States patent #139121 for using copper rivets to strengthen the pockets of denim work pants. Levi Strauss & Co. began manufacturing the first of the famous Levi's brand of jeans in San Francisco, using fabric from the Amoskeag Manufacturing Company in Manchester, New Hampshire.

Levi Strauss died on September 26, 1902, at the age of 73. He left his thriving manufacturing and dry goods business to his four nephews桱acob, Louis, Abraham and Sigmund Stern梬ho helped rebuild the company after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire. The following year, Jacob Davis sold back his share of the company.

Peter Haas and his family are the primary heirs the to Levi Strauss fortune.

cutemulan8

Liquid paper....

Bette Nesmith Graham (23 March 1924 - 12 May 1980) was a typist, commercial artist, the inventor of Liquid Paper, and mother of musician and producer Michael Nesmith of The Monkees.

Graham was born in Corpus Christi, Texas. She married Warren Nesmith before he left for war, but they divorced in 1946. To support herself as a single mother, she worked as a secretary at a bank, eventually rising to the executive secretary (the highest position open to women in the industry).

It was very difficult to erase mistakes made by early electric typewriters, which caused problems for Graham. In order to make extra money, she used her talent for painting to do holiday windows at the bank. She realized, as she said, "with lettering, an artist never corrects by erasing, but always paints over the error. So I decided to use what artists use. I put some tempera water-base paint in a bottle and took my watercolor brush to the office. And I used that to correct my mistakes."

Graham secretly used her white correction paint for five years. Some bosses admonished her against using it, but her coworkers frequently sought her paint out. She eventually began marketing her typewriter correction fluid as "Mistake Out" in 1956.

In 1979 she sold "Liquid Paper" to the Gillette Corporation for USD$47.5 million. At the time, her company employed 200 people and made 25 million bottles of Liquid Paper per year.

Bette Nesmith's son, former Monkees member Michael Nesmith, inherited the $50+ million estate of Liquid Paper upon her death on 12 May 1980. Bette Nesmith was 56 years of age.

cutemulan8

Contact lenses....

Adolf Eugen Fick (born 3 September, 1829, in Kassel, Germany; died 21 August, 1901, in Blankenberghe, Flandern) was a German physiologist usually credited with the invention of contact lenses. He earned a 1851 doctorate at Marburg in medicine.

In 1855 he introduced Fick's law of diffusion, which governs the diffusion of a gas across a fluid membrane. In 1870 he was the first to devise a technique for measuring cardiac output, called the Fick Principle. In 1887 he constructed and fitted what was to be considered the first successful model of a contact lens: an afocal scleral contact shell made from heavy brown glass, which he tested first on rabbits, then on himself, and lastly on a small group of volunteers. His idea was advanced independently by several innovators in the years that followed.

Fick managed to double-publish his law of diffusion, as it applied equally to physiology and physics.

waterboy

:clap: bagus thread ni..dpt menambah pengetahuan..

waterboy

INVENTION OF PAPER

Paper was invented by Cai Lun in 105 AD, which was one of the fourgreat inventions by the Chinese. Cai Lun not only greatly improved thepapermaking technique, but also made it possible to use a variety ofmaterials, such as tree bark, hemp, rags, etc. The earliest paperdiscovered in Fufeng County, Shaanxi, was made from hemp during theWestern Han (206 BC - 24 AD). Bamboo paper wasproduced in the Tang Dynasty (608 - 907). Xuan paper made in JingCounty, Anhui, is probably the best-known paper, which is mainly usedin Chinese painting and calligraphy. Xuan paper is soft, smooth, white,absorbent and very durable.
Papermaking was introduced to Korea and Vietnam during the 3rd century and to the West around the 8th century. The first paper mill in Europe was built in 1009.

waterboy

CHINESE CHOPSTICKS HISTORY



Chopsticks play an important role in Chinese food culture. Chopsticks are called "Kuaizi" in Chinese and were called "Zhu" in ancient times (see the characters above). Chinese people have been using kuaizi as one of the main tableware for more than 3,000 years. It was recorded in Liji (The Book of Rites) that chopsticks were used in the Shang Dynasty (1600 BC - 1100 BC). It was mentioned in Shiji (the Chinese history book) by Sima Qian (about 145 BC) that Zhou, the last king of the Shang Dynasty (around 1100 BC), used ivory chopsticks. Experts believe the history of wood or bamboo chopsticks can be dated to about 1,000 years earlier than ivory chopsticks.Bronze chopsticks were invented in the Western Zhou Dynasty (1100 BC - 771 BC). Lacquer chopsticks from the Western Han (206 BC - 24 AD) were discovered in Mawangdui, China. Gold and silver chopsticks became popular in the Tang Dynasty (618 - 907). It was believed that silver chopsticks could detect poisons in food.


Chopsticks can beclassified into five groups based on the materials used to make them,i.e., wood, metal, bone, stone and compound chopsticks. Bamboo and woodchopsticks are the most popular ones used in Chinese homes.
There are a few things to avoid when using chopsticks. Chinese people usually don't beat their bowls while eating, since the behavior used to be practiced by beggars. Also don't insert chopsticks in a bowl upright because it is a custom exclusively used in sacrifice.
If you are reallyinterested in chopsticks, you may want to visit the Kuaizi Museum inShanghai. The museum collected over 1,000 pairs of chopsticks. Theoldest one was from the Tang Dynasty.

[ Last edited by  waterboy at 23-1-2007 12:25 PM ]

waterboy

THE HISTORY OF ROCKET SCIENCE

Today'srockets are remarkable collections of human ingenuity that have their rootsin the science and technology of the past. They are natural outgrowthsof literally thousands of years of experimentation and research on rocketsand rocket propulsion.One of the first devices to successfullyemploy the principles essential to rocket flight was a wooden bird. Thewritings of Aulus Gellius, a Roman, tell a story of a Greek named Archytaswho lived in the city of Tarentum, now a part of southern Italy. Somewherearound the year 400 B.C., Archytas mystified and amused the citizens ofTarentum by flying a pigeon made of wood. Escaping steam propelled thebird suspended on wires. The pigeon used the action-reaction principle,which was not stated as a scientific law until the 17th century.
About threehundred years after the pigeon, another Greek, Hero of Alexandria, inventeda similar rocket-like device called an aeolipile. It, too, used steam asa propulsive gas.
Hero mounted a sphere on top of awater kettle. A fire below the kettle turned the water into steam, andthe gas traveled through pipes to the sphere. Two L-shaped tubes on oppositesides of the sphere allowed the gas to escape, and in doing so gave a thrustto the sphere that caused it to rotate.
Just when thefirst true rockets appeared is unclear. Stories of early rocket-like devicesappear sporadically through the historical records of various cultures.Perhaps the first true rockets were accidents. In the first century A.D.,the Chinese reportedly had a simple form of gunpowder made from saltpeter,sulfur, and charcoal dust. To create explosions during religious festivals,they filled bamboo tubes with a mixture and tossed them into fires. Perhapssome of those tubes failed to explode and instead skittered out of thefires, propelled by the gases and sparks produced by the burning gunpowder.
TheChinese began experimenting with the gunpowder filled tubes. At some point,they attached bamboo tubes to arrows and launched them with bows. Soonthey discovered that these gunpowder tubes could launch themselves justby the power produced from the escaping gas. The true rocket was born.
The date reporting the first useof true rockets was in 1232. At this time, the Chinese and the Mongolswere at war with each other. During the battle of Kai-Keng, the Chineserepelled the Mongol invaders by a barrage of "arrows of flying fire." Thesefire-arrows were a simple form of a solid-propellant rocket. A tube, cappedat one end, contained gunpowder. The other end was left open and the tubewas attached to a long stick. When the powder was ignited, the rapid burningof the powder produced fire, smoke, and gas that escaped out the open endand produced a thrust. The stick acted as a simple guidance system thatkept the rocket headed in one general direction as it flew through theair. It is not clear how effective these arrows of flying fire were asweapons of destruction, but their psychological effects on the Mongolsmust have been formidable.
Followingthe battle of Kai-Keng, the Mongols produced rockets of their own and mayhave been responsible for the spread of rockets to Europe. All throughthe 13th to the 15th centuries there were reports of many rocket experiments.In England, a monk named Roger Bacon worked on improved forms of gunpowderthat greatly increased the range of rockets. In France, Jean Froissartfound that more accurate flights could be achieved by launching rocketsthrough tubes. Froissart's idea was the forerunner of the modern bazooka.Joanes de Fontana of Italy designed a surface-running rocket-powered torpedofor setting enemy ships on fire.
Bythe 16th century rockets fell into a time of disuse as weapons of war,though they were still used for fireworksdisplays, and a German fireworks maker, Johann Schmidlap, invented the"step rocket," a multi-staged vehicle for lifting fireworks to higher altitudes.A large sky rocket (first stage) carried a smaller sky rocket (second stage).When the large rocket burned out, the smaller one continued to a higheraltitude before showering the sky with glowing cinders. Schmidlap's ideais basic to all rockets today that go into outer space.
Nearly all uses up to this time werefor warfare or fireworks, but there is an interesting old Chinese legendthat reported the use of rockets as a means of transportation. With thehelp of many assistants, a lesser-known Chinese official named Wan-Hu assembleda rocket- powered flying chair. Attached to the chair were two large kites,and fixed to the kites were forty- seven fire-arrow rockets.
Onthe day of the flight, Wan-Hu sat himself on the chair and gave the commandto light the rockets. Forty-seven rocket assistants, each armed with torches,rushed forward to light the fuses. In a moment, there was a tremendousroar accompanied by billowing clouds of smoke. When the smoke cleared,Wan-Hu and his flying chair were gone. No one knows for sure what happenedto Wan-Hu, but it is probable that if the event really did take place,Wan-Hu and his chair were blown to pieces. Fire-arrows were as apt to explodeas to fly.

waterboy

MUSLIM SCIENTIFIC INVENTIONS

The Telescope
Abul Hasan is distinguished as the inventor of the Telescope, which he described to be a揟ube, to the extremities of which were attached diopters".

The Pendulum
The Pendulum was invented by Ibn Yunus, a genius in science who lived in the reign of AzizBillah and Hakim bi-Amr-illah, the Fatimid monarchs of Egypt. The invention of thePendulum led to the measurement of time by its oscillations. His outstanding work SijulAkbar al-Hakimi, named after his celebrated patron Hakim bi-Amr-illah, was acknowledged tobe the masterpiece on the subject replacing the work of Ptolemy. It was translated intoPersian by Omar Khayyam in 1079.

The Watch
The first watch was made by Kutbi, a renowned watch-maker of his time. During the Abbasidreign the use of a watch became quite common and the famous Harun-ar-Rashid oncedespatched a watch as a gift to his celebrated contemporary, the French EmperorCharlemagne. At that time a watch was considered a novel thing in Europe and was regardedas an object of wonder.
Mustansariya, the well-known university of Baghdad had a uniqueclock with a dial blue like the sky and a sun which continually moved over its surfacedenoting the time. Maulana Shibli, the famous Urdu litterateur, has described a watch ofDamascus in the following words:
"The watch was kept in the door of a wall. Itcontained copper plates and twelve doors. There was an Eagle (Bat) standing in the Ist andthe last plate. At the end of each hour, these two eagles lay down on the copper platesand hence a sound was produced to show the time. At twelve all the doors were closed. Thissystem was being repeated continuously".
The construction of water clocks was alsocommon in Islamic Countries. "The Arabs were skilful in the construction ofclepsydras and water clocks with automata," says a European writer.

The Mariners Compass
The invention of Mariners Compass, which revolutionised sea borne commerce and oceanicshipping and enabled the Arabs to roam over the stormy seas in quest of new lands andadditional markets for their commodities, is essentially a contribution of the Muslims tothe world of science.
Knowledge about the properties of the needle, can no doubt be tracedto Chinese sources, but putting it into working shape, in the form of a mariners' compass,was the achievement of Muslim scientists. The compass was probably invented for thepurpose of finding out the Qibla for Prayers.

Gunpowder
Mir Fatehullah Khan is known to history as the inventor of gun and gunpowder. Thepresumption that gunpowder was first made by the Chinese does not stand the test ofhistorical research. Writing in his book Arab Civilization, the author says that"gunpowder was a great invention of the Arabs who were already using guns". Gunswere used by Arabs in 1340 A.D. in the defence of Al-Bahsur, when Franzdol besieged it.The statement of Dr. Leabon about the invention of gunpowder by the Arabs is furthercorroborated by Mr. Scott in his well-known work, History of the Moorish Empire in Spain.

"It has been acknowledged by Joseph Hell in his book, Arab Civilization, that thedistinction of inventing photography goes to Ibn al-Hashem, who is not only credited withits invention but also its development. Muhammad Musa, a great scholar of geography, hasthe unique distinction of being the inventor of an instrument by which the earth could bemeasured. He also invented the "Astrolabe". These novel instruments invented byhim have been preserved in the Museum of Madrid (Spain)."

Shipping instrument
A unique instrument was invented by Abu Solet Umayyah in 1134 A.D. through which a sunkenship would be raised - which greatly helped in the salvage expeditions of mediaeval times.

Manufacturing Soap, Paper and Cloth
The credit for manufacturing soap goes to Arab chemists, who introduced it to the world.
The first paper in Islamic countries was manufactured in 794 A.D. in Baghdad by Yusuf BinOmar. The paper manufactured in Arab countries was of superior quality than that made inEurope.
A paper mill was established in Baghdad, and soon paper replacedparchment (skin of animals) and papyrus ('paper' made from plants). thedevelopment of paper made knowledge and learning easier, for morepeople were able to have access to it.
In the manufacture of cloth, Muslims particularly in Spain exhibited marvellousskill and taste. Their woven cloth captured almost all the big markets of the world andwas considered to be the finest as well as extremely durable.

The Windmill
Al-Masudi who died in Cairo in 957 A.D. may be called the "Pliny of the Arabs"In his celebrated work The Meadows of Gold, he has described an earthquake, and the firstwindmill which was also invented by a Muslim.

waterboy

MUSLIM SCIENTIFIC INVENTIONS

Astronomy and Navigation
Giralda or "The Tower of Seville", was the first observatory in Europe. It wasbuilt in 1190 A.D., in the Spanish town of Seville under the supervision of the celebratedMathematician, Jabir Ibn Afiah. It was meant for the observation of heavenly bodies. Itwas later turned into a belfry by Christian conquerors, who, after the expulsion of theMoors, did not know how to use it.
The many references to astronomy in the Qur'an and hadith, and the injunctions to learn, inspired the early Muslim scholars to study the heavens. They integrated the earlier works of the Indians, Persians and Greeks into a new synthesis.
Ptolemy (a 2nd Century Greek writer)'s 'Almagest' (the title as we knowit today is actually Arabic) was translated, studied and criticized.Muslims were inspired to investigate and study the Earth, the featuresof the land, methods of mapping and so on. Many new stars werediscovered, as we see in their Arabic names - Algol, Deneb, Betelgeuse, Rigel, Aldebaran.
Astronomical tables were compiled, among them the Toledan tables, which were used by Copernicus, Tycho Brahe and Kepler.
These works were used to determine the direction of Makkah from variouslocations, to improve navigation and surveying, and establishingcorrect time keeping and calanders.
Using longitude and latitude, calculating the circumference of theEarth within a few hundred miles, the Muslim geographers so greatlyimproved on Ptolemy's famous 'Almagest', that it is not certain how much of the work actually belongs to the famous Greek, and how much was added to successive copies.
Also compiled were almanacs - another Arabic term. Other terms from Arabic are zenith, nadir, Aledo, azimuth.
Muslim astronomers were the first to establish observatories, like the one built at Mugharah by Hulagu, the son of Genghis Khan, in Persia, and they invented instruments such as the quadrant and astrolabe, which                        led to advances not only in astronomy but in oceanic navigation, contributing to the European age of exploration.
Other instruments used by muslim astronomers and navigators were thequadrant and the planisphere, a large, complicated device for plottingstars. Observatories were set up in desert locations where the bestobservations could be made. Accurate measurement of time used verysimilar mathematical skills to those needed for navigation. Al-Biruni,for example, wrote a mathematical treatise on shadows that helpedcalibrate sundials accurately.

Astrolobe
The Astrolobe is perhaps the most famous of 'Islamic inventions'.Primitive astrolobes were developed by the Greeks, but the refinementsmade by the Muslim Mathematicians, and craftsmen made them moreaccurate and versatile.
When the device entered Europe through Spain and Italy, it was the latest in high technology.  In the storyteller of 'The Canterbury Tales',Geoffery Chaucer, wrote instructions on its use. The well-known romanceof Heloise and Abelard resulted in a son they named - Astrolobe!
ther instruments used by Muslim astronomers and navigators were

Mathematics
Bold experiments and unique innovations in the field of mathematics were carried out byMuslim mathematicians who developed this science to an exceptionally high degree. Algebramay be said to have been invented by the Greeks, but according to Oelsner, "it wasconfined to furnishing amusement for the plays of the goblet" Muslims developed itand applied it to higher purposes.
Thus, The first great Muslim mathematician, Al-Khawarizmi, invented thesubject of algebra (al-Jabr), which was further developed by others,most notably Umar Khayyam. Al-Khawarizmi's work, in Latintranslation, brought the Arabic numerals along with the mathematics toEurope, through Spain. The word "algorithm" is derived from hisname.
The Muslims invented the symbol for zero (The word "cipher" comesfrom Arabic sifr), and they organized the numbers into the decimalsystem - base 10. Additionally, they invented the symbol to express an unknown quantity, i.e. variables like x.
They invented spherical trigonometry, discovered thetangent and were first, "to introduce the sine of arc in TrigonometricalCalculations" Zero is an invaluable addition made to mathematical science by theMuslims. They have also shown remarkable progress in mathematical geography.

Medical Sciences
The Muslims have made a lasting contribution to the development of Medical Science. Razi(Rhazes), Ibn Sina (Avicenna), and Abu Ali al-Hasan (Alhazen) were the greatest medicalscholars of mediaeval times.
Al-Razi, known in the West as Rhazes, the famous physician and scientist, (d.932), was the inventor of "Seton" in Surgery andthe author of 'Al-Judari wal Hasbak', an authentic book dealing with measles and small pox.
Seen as one of the greatest physicians in the world in the Middle Ages, Razistressed empirical observation and clinical medicine and was unrivalled as adiagnostician. He also wrote a treatise on hygiene in hospitals.
KahafAbul-Qasim Al-Sahabi was a very famous surgeon in the eleventh century, known inEurope for his work, 'Kitab al-Tasrif' (Concessio).
Avicenna wrote 'Al-Qanun Jil Tib known as Cannon', which was the most widely studied medicalwork of mediaevel times and was reprinted more than twenty times during the last 30 yearsof the 15th century in many different languages. The book remained a standard textbook even in Europe, for over 700years.
Alhazen was the world's greatestauthority on "optics".
The contagious character of the plague and its remedieswere discovered by Ibn Katina, a Moorish Physician.
Other significant contributions were made in pharmacology, such as IbnSina's 'Kitab al-Shifa' (Book of Healing), and in public health. Everymajor city in the Islamic world had a number of excellent hospitals,some of them teaching hospitals, and many of them were specialized forparticular diseases, including mental and emotional. The Ottomans wereparticularly noted for their building of hospitals and for the high levelof hygiene practiced in them.

Glass
Ibn Firnas is credited with making glass from stones. He had constructed his home as asort df planetarium where one could see stars, clouds and even lightning.

Attempts at flight
According toHitti, "Ibn Firnas was the first man in Arab history to make a scientific attempt atflight. His flying equipment consisted of a suit of feathers with wings, which, we aretold carried him a long distance, in the air. When he alighted, however, he hurt himselfbecause his suit was not provided with a tail."

waterboy

BENJAMIN FRANKLIN'S INVENTIONS

A list of Benjamin Franklin's inventions reveals a  man of many talents and interests. It was the scientist in Ben that brought out the inventor. His natural curiosity about things and the way they work made him try to find ways to make them work better.  Ben had poor vision and needed glasses to read. He got tired of constantly taking them off and putting them back on, so he decided to figure out a way to make his glasses let him see both near and far. He had two pairs of spectacles cut in half and put half of each lens in a single frame. Today, we call them bifocals.

For more information, visit Benjamin Franklin: Father of the Bifocal.

Even though Ben is not famous for his study of bioscience, he was interested in how the human body works and looked for ways to help it work better. For example, Ben's older brother John suffered from kidney stones and Ben wanted to help him feel better. Ben developed a flexible urinary catheter that appears to have been the first one produced in America.
During Ben's lifetime, he made eight voyages across the Atlantic Ocean.These long journeys gave him a lot of time to learn about ships and howthey worked. As early as 1784, Franklin suggested following the Chinesemodel of dividing ships' holds into watertight compartments so that ifa leak occurred in one compartment, the water would not spreadthroughout the hold and sink the ship.

Everyone knows the story of Ben's famous kite flight. Although he made important discoveries and advancements, Ben did not "invent" electricity.  He did, however, invent the lightning rod which protected buildings  and ships from lightning damage.
In colonial America, most people warmed their homes by building a fire in a fireplace even though it was kind of dangerous and used a lot of wood. Ben figured that there had to be a better way. His invention of an iron furnace stove allowed people to warm their homes less dangerously and with less wood. The furnace stove that he invented is called a Franklin stove. Interestingly enough, Ben also established the first fire company and the first fire insurance company in order to help people live more safely.

As postmaster, Ben had to figure out routes for delivering the mail. He went out riding in his carriage to measure the routes and needed a way to keep track of the distance. He invented  a simple odometer and attached it to his carriage.
In his old age, Ben retired from business and public service and wanted to spend his time reading and studying. He found,  however, that his old age had made it difficult for him to  reach books from the high shelves. Even though he had many  grandchildren to help him, he invented a tool called a long  arm to reach the high books. The long arm was a long wooden pole with a grasping claw at the end.

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The Wizard Of Menlo Park



Like Ben Franklin, Thomas Alva Edison was both a scientist and an inventor.  Born in 1847, Edison would see tremendous change take place in his lifetime. He was also to be responsible for making many of those changes occur.  When Edison was born, society still thought of electricity as a novelty, a fad. By the time he died, entire cities were lit by electricity. Much of the credit for that progress goes to Edison. In his lifetime, Edison patented 1,093 inventions, earninghim the nickname "The Wizard of Menlo Park." The most famous of his inventions was anincandescent light bulb. Besides the light bulb, Edison developed the phonograph and the "kinetoscope," a small box for viewing moving films. He also improved upon the original design of the stock ticker, the telegraph, and Alexander Graham Bell's telephone. He believed in hard work, sometimes working twenty hours a day. Edison was quoted as saying, "Genius is one percent inspiration and 99 percent perspiration." In tribute to this important American, electric lights in the United States were dimmed for one minute on October 21, 1931, a few days after his death.

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Bell's Telephone



A pioneer in the field of telecommunications, Alexander Graham Bell was born in 1847 in Edinburgh, Scotland. He moved to Ontario, and then to the United States, settling in Boston, before beginning his career as an inventor. Throughout his life, Bell had been interested in the education of deaf people. This interest lead him to invent the microphone and, in 1876, his "electrical speech machine," which we now call a telephone. News of his invention quickly spread throughout the country, even throughout Europe. By 1878, Bell had set up the first telephone exchange in New Haven, Connecticut. By 1884, long distance connections were made between Boston, Massachusetts and New York City.  Bell imagined great uses for his telephone, like this model from the 1920s, but would he ever have imagined telephone lines being used to transmit video images? Since his death in 1922, the telecommunication industry has undergone an amazing revolution. Today, non-hearing people are able to use a special display telephone to communicate. Fiber optics are improving  the quality and speed of data transmission. Actually, your ability to access this information relies upon telecommunications technology. Bell's "electrical speech machine" paved the way for the Information Superhighway.

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ADHESIVE TAPE



RichardG. Drew (1899-1980) invented masking tape and clear adhesive tape (alsocalled cellophane tape or Scotch tape). Drew was an engineer for the 3Mcompany (the Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing).Drew's first tape invention was a masking tape made for painters in1923 (this tape was designed to help painters paint a straight borderbetween two colors). This early masking tape was a wide paper tape withadhesive on only the edges of the tape - not in the middle. Drew madean improved tape called Scotch (TM) Brand Cellulose Tape in 1930. Thistape was a clear, all-purpose adhesive tape that was soon adoptedworldwide. The first tape dispenser with a built-in cutting edge wasinvented in 1932 by John A. Borden, another 3M employee.



AEROSOL SPRAY CAN


Theforerunner of the aerosol can was invented by Erik Rotheim of Norway.On November 23, 1927, Rotheim patented a can with a valve andpropellant systems - it could hold and dispense liquids.
The first aerosol can (a can than contains a propellant [aliquefied gas like flurocarbon] and has a spray nozzle) was invented in1944 by Lyle David Goodloe and W.N. Sullivan. They were working for theU.S. Department of Agriculture and were trying to find a way to sprayand kill malaria carrying mosquitos during World War II for thesoldiers overseas. The "clog-free" spray valve was invented by RobertH. Abplanal in 1953.
The first spray paint was invented by Edward H. Seymour in1949. Seymour's wife Bonnie had given him the idea of an aerosolapplicator for paint. The first spray paint he developed was aluminumcolored. Seymour formed the company, Seymour of Sycamore, Inc. ofChicago, USA, which is still in operation.


AQUALUNG

The aqualung is abreathing apparatus that supplied oxygen to divers and allowed them tostay underwater for several hours. It was invented in 1943 by Jacques-Yves Cousteau(1910 -1997) and the French industrial gas control systems engineerEmile Gagnan. Among the innovations in their device was a mechanismthat provided inhalation and exhaust valves at the same level. Thatsummer, the new device was tested in the Mediterranean Sea down to 210ft (68 m) by Cousteau, Philippe Tailliez, and Fr閐閞ik Dumas. Thissafe, easy-to-use, and reliable device was the first modern scubasystem.

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BALLPOINT PEN
Thefirst non-leaking ballpoint pen was invented in 1935 by the Hungarianbrothers Lazlo and Georg Biro. Lazlo was a chemist and Georg was anewspaper editor.A ballpoint marker had been invented much earlier (in 1888 by JohnLoud, an American leather tanner, who used the device for markingleather) but Loud's marker leaked, making it impractical for everydayuse. A new type of ink had to be developed; this is what the Birobrothers did. The brothers patented their invention and then opened thefirst ballpoint manufacturing plant in Argentina, South America.





BAND-AID甗/b]
Bandagesfor wounds had been around since ancient times, but an easy-to-usedressing with an adhesive was invented by Earle Dickson (a cotton buyerat the Johnson & Johnson company). Dickson perfected the BAND-AID甶n 1920, making a small, sterile adhesive bandage for home use. Dicksoninvented the BAND-AID

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BRAILLE
Braille is a coded system ofraised dots that are used by the blind to read. Louis Braille(1809-1852) invented this system in 1829. Braille published "The Methodof Writing Words, Music, and Plain Song by Means of Dots, for Use bythe Blind and Arranged by Them," and his method is still in use aroundthe world today.


BUBBLE GUM
Bubblegumwas invented by Frank Henry Fleer in 1906, but was not successful; theformulation of Fleer's "Blibber-Blubber," was too sticky. In 1928,Walter E. Diemer invented a superior formulation for bubble gum, whichhe called " Double Bubble."




BAKELITE
Bakelite(also called catalin) is a plastic, a dense synthetic polymer (aphenolic resin) that was used to make jewelry, game pieces, engineparts, radio boxes, switches, and many, many other objects. Bakelitewas the first industrial thermoset plastic (a material that does notchange its shape after being mixed and heated). Bakelite plastic ismade from carbolic acid (phenol) and formaldehyde, which are mixed,heated, and then either molded or extruded into the desired shape.Bakelite was patented in 1907 by the Belgian-born American chemistLeo Hendrik Baekeland (November 14, 1863 - February 23, 1944). TheNobel Prize winning German chemist Adolf von Baeyer had experimentedwith this material in 1872, but did not complete its development or seeits potential.
Baekeland operated the General Bakelite Company from 1911 to1939 (in Perth Amboy, N.J., USA), and produced up to about 200,000 tonsof Bakelite annually. Bakelite replaced the very flammable celluloidplastic that had been so popular. The bracelet above is made of"butterscotch" bakelite.


SCRABBLE
Theword game Scrabble