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Millau Viaduct, France (Jambatan yg mencipta sejarah)
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The Tallest Bridge in the World.
Millau Viaduct, France
Designed by : Sir Norman Foster & Partners
Bridges are often considered to belong to the engineer's realm rather than the architect's. But the architecture of infrastructure has a powerful impact on the environment. The Millau Viaduct, designed in collaboration with engineers, illustrates how the architect can play an integral role in bridge design.
Located in southern France, the bridge will connect the motorway from Paris to Barcelona at the point where it is interrupted by the River Tarn, which runs through a wide gorge between two plateaux. A reading of the topography suggested two possible approaches: to cross the river, the geological generator of the landscape; or there was the challenge of spanning the 2.5 kilometres from one plateau to the other in the most economical manner.
The structural solution follows from the latter philosophical standpoint. The bridge has the optimum span between cable-stayed columns. It is delicate, transparent, and uses the minimum
material, which makes it less costly to construct. Each of its sections spans 350 metres and its columns range in height from 75 metres to 345 metres - higher than the Eiffel Tower - with the masts rising a further 90 metres above the road deck. To accommodate the expansion and contraction of the concrete deck, each column splits into two thinner, more flexible columns below the roadway, forming an A-frame above deck level. This structure creates a dramatic silhouette - and crucially it makes the minimum intervention in the landscape.
Millau Viaduct Website (http://www.viaducdemillau.com/index.php?newlang=eng)
> other website (http://www.viaducdemillaueiffage.com)
Appointment Date: 1993
Construction Date: 2002
Completion Date: 2005
Statistics: Length: 2.5 km
Height: 280 m
Client: Department of Transport and Public Works of France
Consultants:
Chapelet-Defol-Mousseigne
Ove Arup and Partners
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Concerning the Millau Bridge, construction starts in 2001 and should be finished in the end 2004. It should open on January 2005.
What is unique with millau bridge is, for the first time in modern history, an architect has been used, in order to improve the shape and integrate the bridge into the landscape.
Your process concerning architect/constructor is to simple and do not reflect the reality (at least for Rion bridge).
I will talk about some companies involve in the Rion Bridge to explain the process :
First, there is the company which will hold the concession. This company specify the requierement and will, when the bridge open, try to make profit with. This company is Gefyra ( hold by 53 % by Vinci, J& Hellas (11,2%), Helleniki Technodomiki (7,74%... )
Then civil engineering companies design the bridge, which means specify everything. I think that is what you have called "architect". The company has to choose, what kind of material to use, what constraints, what is the lenght, the size, the weight of each parts....It also decide of the shape, because it depends of the civil constraints and specifications...
The design company is "Vinci Grand projet" and was working with several specialised companies as Domi (structural engineering).
DSTB (dynamic analysis)...
when the bridge is design, every is given to a constructor, which has only to built the bridge, using contruction plan. That is the company we see working but it only follows the instructions, like if you built Ikea furnitures..In the case of the bidge we are talking about, it is "Kinopraxia Gefyra" hold mostly by Vinci (same as Gefyra) ...
I just say that because lots of people are confused in the process involved in the construction of a such project. This was a good example.
By the way, I think Rion bridge is also a great project and quite difficult to built. More than Millau bridge... and also Vinci is one leading French group in civil contruction&engineering ;)
More : http://www.structurae.de/en/structures/data/str01110.php |
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The world's highest road bridge has been inaugurated in southern France by President Jacques Chirac.
The Millau bridge over the River Tarn in the Massif Central mountains is more than 300m (984ft) high - taller even than the country's Eiffel Tower.
The bridge, which opens to traffic on Thursday, was built to clear summer traffic jams around the town.
The BBC's Paris correspondent, Caroline Wyatt, says the bridge is one of the most breathtaking ever built.
She says that with its concrete and steel pillars soaring high above the morning fog in the Tarn Valley, the construction makes a spectacular sight.
'Delicacy of a butterfly'
Seven slender piers support the roadway, rising into seven graceful pylons bound to the bridge with what look like cobwebs of steel, our correspondent says.
"The bridge is just on the clouds," Millau Mayor Jacques Godfrain told the BBC's World Today programme.
"The architect, Norman Foster, gave us a model of art."
TALL ORDER
Cost: 394m euros ($524m)
Highest point: 343m (1,125ft)
Vehicle height: 270m (885ft)
Mr Foster said the bridge was designed to have the "delicacy of a butterfly".
"A work of man must fuse with nature. The pillars had to look almost organic, like they had grown from the earth," the world-renowned British architect said in an interview with regional daily newspaper Midi Libre.
Like Concorde and the Channel Tunnel, the bridge is Franco-British.
French construction group Eiffage - that built the Eiffel Tower - financed the project in return for the right to collect receipts from a bridge toll for 75 years.
The bridge is now a source of pride for Millau, which believes many more tourists will come to admire one of the engineering wonders of the 21st Century, our correspondent says.
The construction also removes a bottleneck at the town, completing a new motorway link between Paris and the Mediterranean.
The construction of the steel bridge - now weighing about 36,000 tonnes - began in December 2001, using innovative techniques.
From the north and south sides of the valley, the metal sections of the structure were assembled, lifted slightly and then carefully slotted into place on each of the supporting pillars.
Motorists are expected to pay 4.6 euros ($5.60) for a trip across the bridge.
Story from BBC NEWS:
For further details check:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/europe/4091813.stm
Published: 2004/12/14 10:37:44 GMT
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Span of French Millau bridge, world highest, is completed
Engineers brought the two central ends of the Millau road viaduct in southwest France together, completing the span of the highest bridge in the world.
The road surface is 270 metres above ground, a world record, and the total structure, with suspension cables added will be 343 metres (1,132 feet) above ground at its highest point or 23 metres higher than the Eiffel Tower.
The crowing part of the operation will be the raising of seven pylons above the platform of the bridge from which are to be suspended supporting cables.
These will take the total height at the highest point to 343 metres. One of the main supporting pylons beneath the platform, known as pylon 2, stands 245 metres high, making it the tallest pylon in the world.
The bridge, along the most direct route from Paris to the Mediterranean, is to be opened to public traffic on December 17, 39 months after work began.
The French construction group Eiffage, which financed the cost of 310 million euros (378 million dollars), has a concession to operate the bridge for 75 years. Motorists will be charged 4.6 euros (5.6 dollars) for a journey, rising to 6.5 euros in the busy summer period of July and August, and heavy vehicles will be charged 19 euros.
The bridge spans the valley of the Tarn river to carry a motorway from Clermont-Ferrand to Beziers and establishing a major north-south axis parallel to the Rhone valley.
Eiffage has some roots in the engineering work pioneered by Gustav Eiffel, the engineer and business genius who built the Eiffel Tower landmark in Paris.
The Millau bridge, which is 2,460 metres long, was made possible by innovative techniques enabling the entire span to be lifted each time a new section was added.
But for this technique, the extension of each end of the bridge would have caused the extremity to touch and topple the needle-like pylon on which it was to rest.
With the two ends coming together within centimetres of each other, workers celebrated with champagne.
A gap of 15 centimeters (six inches) for the final joint remained. There will be a gap of 26 millimeters for about 10 days after which connectors will be welded in place.
The operation was a repetition of 17 other similar feats as work progressed to raise and rest the ends gently on their pillars, which stand like giant needles from the bottom of the wide valley.
When the remaining connectors have been welded in place, the total structure will comprise 36,000 tonnes of steel. This represents one quarter of the weight had the bridge been constructed by traditional means using concrete.
The bridge will then be completed with layers of road surfacing and motorway equipment. |
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fuh.. sayupppp...
ngeri betul kalau drive... |
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The 'Patrouille de France' release colored smoke over the Millau Viaduct during its inauguration December 14, 2004. Designed by English architect Lord Norman Foster, the Millau Viaduct is composed of seven slender soaring pillars and becomes the highest bridge in the world, creating a direct route between Paris and the Mediterranean coast. (Jean-Philippe Arles/Reuters)
French President Jacques Chirac delivers a speech during the inauguration ceremony of the Millau Viaduct December 14,2004. The structure is the world's highest bridge, a creation taller than the Eiffel Tower, longer than the Champs Elysees and designed to end a traffic bottleneck in southern France. Photo by Jean-Philippe Arles/Reuters
French President Jacques Chirac talks with Lord Norman Foster English, designer of the Millau Viaduct, during the inauguration ceremony December 14, 2004. The Viaduct is composed of seven slender soaring pillars and becomes the highest bridge in the world at 343 meters, creating a direct route between Paris and the Mediterranean coast. REUTERS/POOL/Patrick Kovarik
The Millau motorway viaduct is 270 meters above ground, with suspension cables 343 meters (1,132 feet) above ground at its highest point or 23 meters higher than the Eiffel Tower.(AFP/Eric Cabanis)
The Millau bridge, the world's tallest traffic bridge, seen against the evening sky, Monday, Dec. 13, 2004. Construction workers have nearly completed work on the roadway of the bridge, a viaduct that soars over a valley in southern France. The bridge, reaching about 270 meters (890 feet) at its highest point, will be inaugurated by President Chirac on Tuesday Dec. 14 and opens to the traffic on Dec. 17. (AP Photo/Christophe Ena) |
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Millau viaduct from space:
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onboard flight malaga - munich:
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Post time 3-9-2007 11:51 PM
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