Perjanjian diantara Syarikat British India (Inggeris) dan Kedah dimenterai.
Perjanjian ini lah permulaan penjajahan Inggeris terhadap Pulai Pinang.
Perjanjian ini telah ditandatangani antara Francis Light dengan Sultan Abdullah pada tahun 1786 untuk mendapatkan Pulau Pinang.
Antara syarat perjanjian ialah:
SHTI membantu Kedah sekiranya Kedah diserang oleh musuh.
SHTI tidak boleh melindungi musuh Kedah.
SHTI akan membayar sebanyak 30,000 dolar Sepanyol setahun kepada sultan sebagai pampasan.
Kesan perjanjian tersebut:
SHTI menduduki Pulau Pinang secara rasmi. Pada 11 Ogos 1786, bendera Union Jack telah dinaikkan di Pulau Pinang.
Francis Light menamakan Pulau Pinang sebagai Prince of Wales Island dan petempatan mereka dinamakan sebagai Georgetown sempena nama Raja England - King George III.
12 Ogos 1986 Penerbangan Japan Airlines 123 Terhempas
Japan Airlines Flight 123 was a Japan Airlines domestic flight from Tokyo International Airport (Haneda) to Osaka International Airport (Itami). On Monday, August 12, 1985, the Boeing 747SR that made this route, registered JA8119, suffered mechanical failures 12 minutes into the flight and 32 minutes later crashed into two ridges of Mount Takamagahara in Ueno, Gunma Prefecture, 100 kilometers (62 mi) from Tokyo. The crash site was on Osutaka Ridge (御巣鷹の尾根 Osutaka-no-One?), near Mount Osutaka. All 15 crew members and 505 out of 509 passengers died, resulting in a total of 520 deaths and 4 survivors.
It is the deadliest single-aircraft accident in history, and the second-deadliest accidental plane crash in history behind the Tenerife airport disaster.The fatalities added to August 1985 being commercial aviation's single deadliest month for passenger plus crew, part of the single deadliest such year in history.
The aircraft involved, registration JA8119, was a Boeing 747SR-46. Its first flight was on January 28, 1974. Before it was destroyed, it had 25,030 airframe hours and 18,835 cycles (one cycle equals one takeoff and landing).
The flight was around the Obon holiday period in Japan, when many Japanese people make yearly trips to their hometowns or resorts.[3] Twenty-one non-Japanese boarded the flight. The four survivors, all female, were seated on the left side and towards the middle of seat rows 54–60, in the rear of the aircraft.
The survivors were:
Yumi Ochiai (落合 由美 Ochiai Yumi?), an off-duty JAL flight attendant, age 25, who was jammed between seats;
Hiroko Yoshizaki (吉崎 博子 Yoshizaki Hiroko?), a 34-year-old woman and her 8-year-old daughter Mikiko Yoshizaki (吉崎 美紀子 Yoshizaki Mikiko?), who were trapped in an intact section of the fuselage;
Keiko Kawakami (川上 慶子 Kawakami Keiko?) a 12-year-old girl, who was found wedged between branches in a tree.Kawakami's parents and younger sister died in the crash, and she was the last survivor to be released from hospital. She had been treated at the Matsue Red Cross Hospital
(松江赤十字病院 Matsue Sekijūji Byōin, Japanese article) in Matsue, Shimane Prefecture before her release on Friday, November 22, 1985.
Among the dead were singer Kyu Sakamoto and Japanese banker Akihisa Yukawa, the father of solo violinist Diana Yukawa.
The official cause of the crash according to the report published by Japan's Aircraft Accidents Investigation Commission is as follows:
The aircraft was involved in a tailstrike incident at Osaka International Airport seven years earlier, which damaged the aircraft's rear pressure bulkhead.
The subsequent repair of the bulkhead did not conform to Boeing's approved repair methods. The Boeing technicians fixing the aircraft used two separate doubler plates, one with two rows of rivets and one with only one row when the procedure called for one continuous doubler plate with three rows of rivets to reinforce the damaged bulkhead.[17] This reduced the part's resistance to metal fatigue by 70%. According to the Federal Aviation Administration, the one "doubler plate" which was specified for the job (the Federal Aviation Administration calls it a "splice plate" - essentially a patch) was cut into two pieces parallel to the stress crack it was intended to reinforce, "to make it fit".[18] This negated the effectiveness of two of the rows of rivets. During the investigation Boeing calculated that this incorrect installation would fail after approximately 10,000 pressurizations; the aircraft accomplished 12,318 successful flights from the time that the faulty repair was made to when the crash happened.
When the bulkhead gave way, the resulting explosive decompression ruptured the lines of all four hydraulic systems and blew off the vertical stabilizer. With the aircraft's flight controls disabled, the aircraft became uncontrollable.
Tembok Berlin (bahasa Jerman: Die Berliner Mauer) merupakan tembok di tengah-tengah bandar Berlin.
Tembok Berlin menjadi ikon atau simbol kepada Perang Dingin , mula dibina 13 Ogos 1961 dan diruntuhkan kemudian pada 9 November 1989. Ia menjadi tirai besi dan menjadi garisan sempadan antara Jerman Barat dan Jerman Timur selama 28 tahun.
Tembok Berlin diarahkan pembinaannya oleh pemimpin Jerman Timur iaitu Walter Ulbricht dan diluluskan oleh pemimpin Rusia ketika itu Nikita Khrushchev.
Tembok ini dibina selepas Perang Dunia Kedua.
Tujuan
Tujuan dibina bagi menghentikan penghijrahan besar-besaran tenaga kerja muda dan produktif Jerman Timur ke Jerman Barat. Ramai golongan profesional dan pekerja mahir berhijrah dan ini meninggalkan kesan ekonomi yang teruk kepada Jerman Timur.
Mulanya pernghijrahkan seramai 2.5 juta dalam tempoh 1949 - 1962. Penghijrahan berkurang kepada 5000 orang dalam tempoh 1962-1989.
Latar Belakang
Selepas tamat Perang Dunia II di Eropah dan Jerman telah tewas, Jerman telah terbahagi kepada 4 zon.
Bandar Berlin diduduki oleh pihak Bersekutu dan terpecah pula kepada beberapa zon penjajah lagi. Zon yang dikuasai oleh Perancis, British dan Amerika telah membentuk Republik Persekutuan Jerman ( Jerman Barat) pada 1949. Sementara zon yang dikuasai oleh Kesatuan Soviet membentuk Republik Demokratik Jerman ( Jerman Timur ) pada tahun yang sama 1949.
Sejak 1948, Jerman Barat dibangunkan kedalam negara negara kapitalis Barat yang berasaskan ekonomi pasaran bebas.Kerajaan demokrasi berparlimen dibentuk. Pertumbuhan ekonomi sejak 1950-an menunjukkan peningkatan yang mendadak berbanding dengan Jerman Timur yang mengamalkan sistem komunis, kerajaan autokratik dan berkhiblatkan komunis di Soviet Rusia.
Ketika Jerman Barat semakin kaya hingga melebihi kebanyakan negara Eropah yang lain. Sedangkan warga Jerman Timur masih memperjuangkan kebebasan berpolitik dan pertumbuhan ekonomi.
Penghijrahan golongan profesional dari 1949 - 1961 setiap hari dinamakan "Grenzgeger". Golongan profesional ini membantu pembinaan semula Eropah Barat sebagaimana Plan Marshall.
Ramai penduduk Eropah Barat melancong dan membeli belah di Jerman Timur kerana harga yang murah dan menarik. Kebanyakan barang mendapat subsidi daripada kerajaan . Ekonomi Jerman Timur banyak dibantu oleh Kesatuan Soviet.
Tembok ini sepanjang 45 km dibina pada hari ahad, 13 Ogos 1961 di sebelah bandar Berlin Timur. Pagi itu, pasukan tentera Jerman Timur dan pekerja awam mula membinanya. Pada mulanya tidak melibatkan pihak Soviet Rusia. Tentera NVA dan KDA akan menembak sesiapa yang menyeberangi sempadan bandar Berlin itu.
Ramai keluarga yang terpisah akibat Tembok Berlin ini . Ada ibu bapa yang tinggal di Jerman Barat sementara anak-anak tinggal di Jerman Timur. Ini menyebabkan beban emosi kepada kedua-dua pihak yang berpisah. Penduduk Jerman Barat seperti Datuk Bandar Willt Brandt mengkritik Amerika Syarikat yang mendiamkan diri melihat Tembok Berlin ini.
Kebanjiran pelarian dari Jerman Timur ke Jerman Barat dan ke negara-0negara Eropah lain dapat disekat dengan adanya Tembok Berlin.
Presiden John F. Kennedy melawat Tembok Berlin pada 26 Jun 1963 . Perjanjian selepas Perang Dunia Kedua iaitu di antara 4 adikuasa iaitu Perancis, United Kingdom dan Amerika Syarikat menerima hakikat keperluan pembinaan Tembok Berlin.
Kerajaan Jerman Barat mendakwa Tembok Berlin sebagai 'sempadan melindungi anti fasist'. Hakikatnya berjuta-juta keluarga terpisah.
Pada 1987 Presiden Amerika Syarikat Ronald Reagan berucap di Brandenburg Gate , mencabar Mikhail Gorbachev untuk meruntuhkan tembok tersebut.
Pada Jun 1962 Jerman Timur hanya membina pagar sepanjang 81 meter . Tetapi pada 1989 menjadi sepanjang 155 km dengan tembok batu . Mana-mana rumah di atas Tembok Berlin telah dipindahkan. Ramai yang telah membina terowong agar dapat menyeberang ke Jerman Barat. Tetapi tentera Jerman Timur memasang jerangkap samar dan bom-bom. Ramai yang terbunuh dan dibunuh ketika cuba memanjat dan melintasi Tembok Berlin.
Peta Tembok Berlin
Sumber:
Wikipedia
YouTuve
berlin.pinkbigmac.com www.germany.info
2004 Summer Olympics opening ceremony - 13 August 2004.
The Opening Ceremony of the 2004 Summer Olympic Games was held on August 13, 2004 at the Olympic Stadium in Maroussi, Greece, a suburb of Athens. 72,000 spectators attended the event, with approximately 15,000 athletes from 202 countries participating in the ceremony as well. It marked the first-ever international broadcast of high definition television, undertaken by the U.S. broadcaster NBC and the Japanese broadcaster NHK.
Hundreds of drummers performed a countdown to herald the start of memorable show that included an elaborate, balletic journey through Greece's rich and varied history.
Played out in a procession circling the stadium, the story included imagery from the previous occasions the Games were held in Athens.
Greece was the birthplace of the ancient Olympics in 776 BC and hosted the first modern Games in 1896 .
Athenians showed their delight in welcoming the Olympics back, giving the 9,000 performers a rousing reception as the theatrical show came to a close, before welcoming the athletes.
Other highlights included the debut of the small Pacific island nation of Kiribati and the return of Afghanistan to the Olympic family.
Malaysia boasted the youngest athlete at the Games as their flagbearer, Bryan Nickson Lomas, a 14-year-old diver.
A boy holds up the Greek flag while as his "paper" boat sails across the floor of the Olympic stadium during the opening ceremony for the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens, 13 August 2004. Some 10,000 athletes representing 202 countries are coming together in front of 70,000 spectators at the opening ceremony, kicking off a fortnight of sporting competition that is costing 7.2 billion USD to stage.
Performers portray scenes from Greek mythology during opening ceremonies for the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Friday, August 13, 2004.
Singer Bjork, of Iceland, performs during the Opening Ceremony of the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens, Friday, Aug. 13, 2004.
China 2011 China Tibetan Monk Burns Himself to Death 15th August, 2011 : Tsewang Norbu, a Tibetan monk, set himself on fire in an apparent protest against Beijing in China's Sichuan province. Norbu allegedly shouting "Long live the Dalai Lama" before burning himself to death. .
Second Tibetan Monk Burns Himself to Death in Protest
17-year old monk from Kirti monastery immolated himself in Ngaba county town at approximately 2:00 pm local time yesterday, according to Tibetans in exile in contact with Tibetans in the area. The monk, Kelsang Wangchuk, carried a photo of the Dalai Lama and was shouting slogans against the Chinese government when he set fire to himself along the main street in Ngaba county, Ngaba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan province. Full details of the incident have yet to emerge, but some exiled sources say that he was immediately surrounded by security personnel, who extinguished the fire and beat Kelsang Wangchuk before taking him away. Kelsang’s current wellbeing and whereabouts are unknown.
According to the same Tibetan sources, people in the street and surrounding area began to gather at the scene and prepared to protest, but the crowd was quickly dispersed by security personnel. Shortly after the immolation, additional security forces were deployed in Ngaba county town and at Kirti monastery, increasing an already tense security atmosphere in an area known for its outspoken expression of the Tibetan identity and frequent peaceful protests.
According to monks from the re-established Kirti monastery in exile in Dharamsala, India, pamphlets were distributed and posted around Kirti monastery and the market place in Ngaba county town a few days ago, stating that if the current security crackdown in the area were to continue, “many more people were prepared to give up their lives” in protest.
Kelsang Wangchuk, who is from Tsaru’ma village, Chujee’ma township in Ngaba county, is the third monk from Kirti monastery to set fire to himself in the past week. On September 26 Lobsang Kelsang and Lobsang Kunchok, both believed to be approximately 18-years old, set fire to themselves while shouting “Long live His Holiness the Dalai Lama,” in a protest also held in Ngaba county town. After extinguishing the flames, police took the two young monks into custody. Their current whereabouts and wellbeing remain unknown.
On February 27, 2009, a Kirti monk in his mid-twenties named Tapey set himself on fire in protest after local authorities told monks at Kirti monastery that they were not allowed to observe Monlam, a traditional prayer festival that is held after Tibetan New Year (Losar). According to several sources from the area, police shot Tapey before they extinguished the flames and took him into custody. His whereabouts and current condition remain unknown.
In nearby Kardze Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan province, a 29-year old monk named Tsewang Norbu died on August 15 after drinking petrol and setting fire to himself while calling for freedom and the return of the Dalai Lama to Tibet. Tsewang Norbu was a monk at Nyitso monastery in Tawu (Chinese: Daofu) in Kardze, an important historic center of Tibetan religious culture that was surrounded by military troops following Tsewang Norbu’s protest. http://www.mikeldunham.blogs.com/mikeldunham/2011/10/3-tibetan-monks-in-the-last-week-self-immolate-as-china-violently-suppresses-their-monastery.html
Post time 11-8-2013 09:58 AM
gantu\i dengan youtube kat bawah ni
Author
Post time 13-8-2013 01:20 PM
![[tvN/Disney+ 2024] LOVE YOUR ENEMY - Ju Ji Hoon, Jung Yu Mi ~ 23 November 2024](https://uf.cari.com.my/forumx/mforum/block/59/59a0b0b089db1cda0f378e6fae637fb1.jpg)
