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Haiya ini filem Cina tatak Bahasa Melayu punya Subtitles... |
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kasi up benang ni sket.....sempena kenaikan rege minyak sekarang nih |
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tak silap najis binatang ternakan pun buleh dijadikan ethanol ek??
eww..lepas ni isi keta dgn minyak ethanol bahan buangan bab i lembu, ayam dsb nyea |
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gas asli dgn petroleum 2 produk berbeza ek....kira gas asli lagi byk dari petroleum la skrang ek...tak silap wa...
dlm lapisan tanah bawah tanah...akan ada gas asli dulu dan kalo korek dlm lagi baru jupe petroleum....
jadi apa kata kita gunakan gas asli sebagai sumber tenaga alternatif kpd petroleum |
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courtsey http://www.sjgs.com/history.html
Oil Through the Ages
347 A.D. Oil wells are drilled in China up to 800 feet deep using bits attached to bamboo poles.
1264 Mining of seep oil in medieval Persia witnessed by Marco Polo on his travels through Baku.
1500s Seep oil collected in the Carpathian Mountains of Poland is used to light street lamps.
1594 Oil wells are hand dug at Baku, Persia up to 35 meters (115 feet) deep.
1735 Oil sands are mined and the oil extracted at Pechelbronn field in Alsace, France.
1815 Oil is produced in United States as an undesirable by-product from brine wells in Pennsylvania.
1848 First modern oil well is drilled in Asia, on the Aspheron Peninsula north-east of Baku, by Russian engineer F.N. Semyenov.
1849 Distillation of kerosene from oil by Canadian geologist Dr. Abraham Gesner. Kerosene eventually replaces whale oil as the illuminant of choice and creates a new market for crude oil.
1850 Oil from hand-dug pits in California at Los Angeles is distilled to produce lamp oil by General Andreas Pico.
1854 First oil wells in Europe are drilled 30- to 50-meters deep at B骲rka, Poland by Ignacy Lukasiewicz.
1854 Natural Gas from a water well in Stockton, California is used to light the Stockton courthouse.
1857 Michael Dietz invents a kerosene lamp that forces whale oil lamps off the market.
1858 First oil well in North America is drilled in Ontario, Canada.
1859 First oil well in United States is drilled 69 feet deep at Titusville, Pennsylvania by Colonel Edwin Drake |
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California Comes of Age
1861 First oil well in California is drilled manually in Humboldt County.
1866 Oil is collected from tunnels dug at Sulphur Mountain in Ventura County by the brothers of railroad baron Leland Stanford, the same year that these techniques are applied to the Pechelbronn oil mine in France.
1866 First steam-powered rig in California drills an oil well at Ojai, not far from the Sulphur Mountain seeps.
1875 First commercial oil field in California is discovered at Pico Canyon in Los Angeles County.
1878 Electric light bulb invented by Thomas Edison eliminates demand for kerosene, and the oil industry enters a recession.
1885 Gas wells are drilled in Stockton, California for fuel and lighting.
1885 Oil burners on steam engines in the California oil fields, and later on steam locomotives, create new crude oil markets.
1886 Gasoline-powered automobiles introduced in Europe by Karl Benz and Wilhelm Daimler create additional markets for California oil. Prior to the automobile, gasoline was a cheap solvent produced as a byproduct of kerosene distillation.
1888 A steel-hulled tanker sails from Ventura to San Francisco, eleven years after the 1877 sailing of a Russian tanker across the Caspian sea at Baku.
1899 Discovery of Kern River oil field propels Kern County to top oil-producing region in state. |
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courtesy http://www.bluepetroloil.com/how_oil_drilling_works.htm
Oil forms from dead organisms in ancient seas
Oil is formed from the remains of tiny plants and animals (plankton) that died in ancient seas between 10 million and 600 million years ago. After the organisms died, they sank into the sand and mud at the bottom of the sea.
Over the years, the organisms decayed in the sedimentary layers. In these layers, there was little or no oxygen present. So microorganisms broke the remains into carbon-rich compounds that formed organic layers.
The organic material mixed with the sediments, forming fine-grained shale, or source rock. As new sedimentary layers were deposited, they exerted intense pressure and heat on the source rock. The heat and pressure distilled the organic material into crude oil and natural gas.
The oil flowed from the source rock and accumulated in thicker, more porous limestone or sandstone, called reservoir rock.
Movements in the Earth trapped the oil and natural gas in the reservoir rocks between layers of impermeable rock, or cap rock, such as granite or marble. |
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Finding Oil
The task of finding oil is assigned to geologists, whether employed directly by an oil company or under contract from a private firm. Their task is to find the right conditions for an oil trap -- the right source rock, reservoir rock and entrapment.
Many years ago, geologists interpreted surface features, surface rock and soil types, and perhaps some small core samples obtained by shallow drilling. Modern oil geologists also examine surface rocks and terrain, with the additional help of satellite images. However, they also use a variety of other methods to find oil.
They can use sensitive gravity meters to measure tiny changes in the Earth's gravitational field that could indicate flowing oil, as well as sensitive magnetometers to measure tiny changes in the Earth's magnetic field caused by flowing oil. They can detect the smell of hydrocarbons using sensitive electronic noses called sniffers.
Finally, and most commonly, they use seismology, creating shock waves that pass through hidden rock layers and interpreting the waves that are reflected back to the surface.
In seismic surveys, a shock wave is created by the following:
- Compressed-air gun - shoots pulses of air into the water (for exploration over water)
- Thumper truck - slams heavy plates into the ground (for exploration over land)
- Explosives - drilled into the ground (for exploration over land) or thrown overboard (for exploration over water), and detonated
The shock waves travel beneath the surface of the Earth and are reflected back by the various rock layers. The reflections travel at different speeds depending upon the type or density of rock layers through which they must pass. The reflections of the shock waves are detected by sensitive microphones or vibration detectors -- hydrophones over water, seismometers over land. The readings are interpreted by seismologists for signs of oil and gas traps.
Although modern oil-exploration methods are better than previous ones, they still may have only a 10-percent success rate for finding new oil fields. Once a prospective oil strike is found, the location is marked by GPS coordinates on land or by marker buoys on water. |
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Preparing to Drill
Once the site has been selected, it must be surveyed to determine its boundaries, and environmental impact studies may be done. Lease agreements, titles and right-of way accesses for the land must be obtained and evaluated legally. For off-shore sites, legal jurisdiction must be determined.
Once the legal issues have been settled, the crew goes about preparing the land:
1.The land is cleared and leveled, and access roads may be built.
2. Because water is used in drilling, there must be a source of water nearby. If there is no natural source, they drill a water well.
3. They dig a reserve pit, which is used to dispose of rock cuttings and drilling mud during the drilling process, and line it with plastic to protect the environment. If the site is an ecologically sensitive area, such as a marsh or wilderness, then the cuttings and mud must be disposed offsite -- trucked away instead of placed in a pit.
Once the land has been prepared, several holes must be dug to make way for the rig and the main hole. A rectangular pit, called a cellar, is dug around the location of the actual drilling hole. The cellar provides a work space around the hole, for the workers and drilling accessories. The crew then begins drilling the main hole, often with a small drill truck rather than the main rig. The first part of the hole is larger and shallower than the main portion, and is lined with a large-diameter conductor pipe. Additional holes are dug off to the side to temporarily store equipment -- when these holes are finished, the rig equipment can be brought in and set up. |
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courtesy http://offshoreguides.com/BOOK/04_types_of_rigs.htm
carigali minyak - offshore:
Jenis Submersible
This is a drilling structure which is used in relatively shallow water, usually 80 feet or less. It is towed to its location where it is submerged until it sits on the bottom. This submerging serves as its mooring systems, although anchors may also be used.
In the background, just above the derrick, is a production platform. Notice there is no derrick on it. Approximately five miles separate the two platforms in this picture. |
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Jenis drillship
A drillship can be one of two types:
1) It can be a ship which was designed and built to be a drilling vessel; or
2) A drillship can be an older vessel which has been refitted with drilling equipment. Drillships are self-propelled, carrying a complete ship's crew while underway, as well as a crew of drilling personnel. Drillships are moored either by the standard anchoring system or by dynamic positioning of the vessel.
Dynamic positioning is the use of a computer-operated inboard thruster system which keeps the vessel on location without the use of anchors. This arrangement allows vessels to drill in ultra-deep water. The record is held by Sonat Offshore's Discovery Seven Seas, which drilled in 6,448 feet of water in 1984. |
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Jenis Semi-Submersible
A Louisiana shipyard puts the final touches on a monster semi-submersible. This photo shows the two large catamaran-looking hulls, called pontoons, that will take on water when the rig is in place. The huge mass of the flooded platform below the water level greatly reduces the affect of wave action.
This rig has the hull design of a catamaran and is either towed or self-propelled. A semi-submersible can also be dynamically positioned or it can use anchors. When the rig is on location, it is ballasted down, in about the same way a submarine submerges, fifty feet or so to give it stability. Semis are heavy-duty rigs and are designed for adverse weather conditions. |
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Jenis Jack up
The name of this rig implies exactly what it does. Jack-ups are towed to their location where rig personnel use heavy machinery to jack the legs down into the water until they are on the ocean floor. When this is competed, the platform containing the work area rises above the water. After the platform his risen about 50 feet out of the water, the rig is ready to begin drilling. Jack-up rigs are limited to a water depth of about 600 feet or less. |
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Jenis Derrick/Pipe-Lay Barge
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jangan tak tau , oil rig nie jugak berisiko utk karam macam yg berlaku kat Brazil's Petrobras
courtesy http://www.commondreams.org/headlines01/0320-02.htm
Some 79,000 gallons (300,000 liters) of crude in underwaterpipelines and 316,000 gallons (1.2 million liters) of dieselcould burst into the sea due to water pressure. But Petrobras reiterated that deep-ocean well heads were well sealed, thuspreventing a larger disaster.
The potential damage would just be a fraction of theworld's worst oil environmental disaster when the Exxon Valdezsupertanker dumped 11 million gallons (41.6 million liters) ofoil into the Alaskan seas in 1989.
[ Last edited by tutankhamun! at 16-6-2008 12:54 PM ] |
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Antara projek Petronas Carigali Sdn. Bhd
SUDAN
Petronas jugak telah memeterai 7 PSC yg baru (production sharing contract) iaitu mendapatkan kontrak carigali blok minyak di 8 BUAH NEGARA iaitu Gabon, Cameroon, Niger, Egypt, Yemen, Indonesia, Vietnam dan Pakistan
amacam kayo tak PETRONAS???
courtesy http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas
[ Last edited by tutankhamun! at 16-6-2008 01:06 PM ] |
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"belilah minyak masak cap helang"
promote minyak masak sat tumpang lalu... |
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pakai nuklear je sebagai bahan api!:@ |
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Post time 23-3-2006 01:18 PM
