Mahatma Gandhi

lizz_7777

Champaran and Kheda

Gandhi's first major achievements came in 1918 with the Champaran agitation and Kheda Satyagraha, although in the latter it was indigo and other cash crops instead of the food crops necessary for their survival. Suppressed by the militias of the landlords (mostly British), they were given measly compensation, leaving them mired in extreme poverty. The villages were kept extremely dirty and unhygienic; and alcoholism, untouchability and purdah were rampant. Now in the throes of a devastating famine, the British levied a tax which they insisted on increasing. The situation was desperate. In Kheda in Gujarat, the problem was the same. Gandhi established an ashram there, organizing scores of his veteran supporters and fresh volunteers from the region. He organized a detailed study and survey of the villages, accounting for the atrocities and terrible episodes of suffering, including the general state of degenerate living. Building on the confidence of villagers, he began leading the clean-up of villages, building of schools and hospitals and encouraging the village leadership to undo and condemn many social evils, as accounted above.


Ghandi in 1918, at the time of the Kheda and Champaran satyagrahas

But his main impact came when he was arrested by police on the charge of creating unrest and was ordered to leave the province. Hundreds of thousands of people protested and rallied outside the jail, police stations and courts demanding his release, which the court reluctantly granted. Gandhi led organized protests and strikes against the landlords who, with the guidance of the British government, signed an agreement granting the poor farmers of the region more compensation and control over farming, and cancellation of revenue hikes and its collection until the famine ended. It was during this agitation, that Gandhi was addressed by the people as Bapu (Father) and Mahatma (Great Soul). In Kheda, Sardar Patel represented the farmers in negotiations with the British, who suspended revenue collection and released all the prisoners. As a result, Gandhi's fame spread all over the nation.

[ Last edited by  lizz_7777 at 8-3-2009 16:42 ]

lizz_7777

Non-cooperation

Gandhi employed non-cooperation, non-violence and peaceful resistance as his "weapons" in the struggle against British. In Punjab, the Jallianwala Bagh massacre of civilians by British troops (also known as the Amritsar Massacre) caused deep trauma to the nation, leading to increased public anger and acts of violence. Gandhi criticized both the actions of the British Raj and the retaliatory violence of Indians. He authored the resolution offering condolences to British civilian victims and condemning the riots which, after initial opposition in the party, was accepted following Gandhi's emotional speech advocating his principle that all violence was evil and could not be justified.But it was after the massacre and subsequent violence that Gandhi's mind focused upon obtaining complete self-government and control of all Indian government institutions, maturing soon into Swaraj or complete individual, spiritual, political independence.
In December 1921, Gandhi was invested with executive authority on behalf of the Indian National Congress. Under his leadership, the Congress was reorganized with a new constitution, with the goal of Swaraj. Membership in the party was opened to anyone prepared to pay a token fee. A hierarchy of committees was set up to improve discipline, transforming the party from an elite organization to one of mass national appeal. Gandhi expanded his non-violence platform to include the swadeshi policy

amazed

14 Mac, 2009

US Owner Wants Gandhi's Articles Back Immediately



NEW YORK, March 14 (Bernama) -- A week after Mahatma Gandhi's personal belongings went under the hammer here, the US-based owner of five items James Otis wanted the articles back from the auction house.

The reason Otis demanding back his articles because he is unhappy over the "dispute", between liquor baron Vijay Mallya, who bought it for US$1.8 million, and the Indian government over the memorabilia, the Press Trust of India (PTI) reported Saturday.

"The gentleman (the one who bought Gandhi's items) is from the opposing party than the government. So, they are already in dispute over what is going to happen to the items," James Otis, owner of the five articles, said.

He was non-committal when asked by PTI whether he would donate the items to India if he got them back.

Otis said he would negotiate with India on the "two proposals he had submitted increase in the spending on the poor and fully paid exhibition of Gandhi's items in 78 countries to spread the apostle of peace's message of non violence."

Apparently referring to Mallya refuting claim of Union Culture Minister Ambika Soni that the government was in touch with him before the auction on March 6, Otis said it has become a political issue and it "doesn't seem very Gandhian". Hours before the auction, Otis offered to withdraw them from the auction but the auction house did not agree.

-- BERNAMA

amazed

Friday October 2, 2009
Obama praises Gandhi on anniversary of his birth

WASHINGTON (AP) - President Barack Obama is expressing appreciation for Indian spiritual leader Mohandas K. Gandhi.

Gandhi was born on Oct. 2, 1869, and Friday is the 140th anniversary of his birth. Obama says the U.S. joins the Indian people in celebrating a man who dedicated his life to the causes of justice, tolerance and creating change through nonviolent resistance.

The president also says the America of today has its roots in Gandhi's India because the teachings he shared with the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. helped change U.S. society through the civil rights movement.

Gandhi was known as "Mahatma" or "great soul." He was assassinated by a Hindu radical in 1948.

amazed

Rumah Gandhi jadi muzium

JOHANNESBURG 10 Okt. - Rumah yang pernah diduduki pemimpin kemerdekaan India, Mahatma Gandhi di Afrika Selatan, telah dijual kepada sebuah agensi pelancongan Perancis, yang mahu menjadikannya sebagai sebuah muzium dan rumah penginapan.

Bekas pemilik rumah tersebut, Nancy Ball semalam berkata, ia telah dijual kepada agensi Voyageurs du Monde.

"Pada mulanya, saya rasa seperti perlu membetulkan fikiran saya, kerana saya ingat rumah itu akan dijual kepada rakyat India. Namun, selepas bertemu mereka daripada (agensi pelancongan) Voyageurs du Monde, mereka sangat bersemangat tentang Gandhi, rumah ini dan masa depannya.

"Mereka mahu mengekalkan rumah ini sebagai lokasi sejarah dan membangunkannya. Kami gembira mendengarnya,'' kata Ball.

Ketua Pegawai Eksekutif Voyageurs du Monde, Jean-Francois Rial berkata, pihaknya akan mengubah rumah tersebut menjadi sebuah muzium dan rumah penginapan, namun, tambahnya, syarikat bersedia menyerahkannya kepada India jika kerajaan negara itu menunjukkan minat. - AFP

super_nova

ari tu tgk astro, rupe2nye Gandhi ni idup sezaman dgn Chandra Bose,INA..

amazed

Ela Gandhi, the granddaughter of India's spiritual and political icon Mahatma Gandhi, holds some of the Gandhi's ashes in Durban today. Gandhi's ashes will be immersed in the Indian Ocean after a Durban family preserved the ashes for 62 years. The ashes will be reimmersed on January 30, 2010, the day Gandhi was shot 62 years ago. The ashes will be taken to the Phoenix Bhambayi Gandhi Settlement, where Gandhi spent 21 years of his life in South Africa. Hundreds of millions of people will pay respects and honour the role of Mahatma Gandhi as India celebrates its 62nd Republic Day Celebrations on January 26, 2010. - AFP PHOTO

amazed

GANDHI'S ASHES: 62 years after his assassination,
some of Mahatma Gandhi's ashes, held in secret for
decades by a family friend, are scattered at sea off the
city of Durban today. Participating in the final immersion
rites are great grandaughters Asha and Ashish, grandaughter
Ela Gandhi, great grandson Kidar Gandhi and grandson
Satish Dhupelia. - AFP Photo

amazed

Hidup seks Gandhi dibuku

Gambar yang diambil pada 11 April 1947 Lord Louis Mountbatten (kiri) dan Lady Edwina Mountbatten (kanan) menerima kunjungan Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (tengah) yang lebih dikenali sebagai Mahatma Gandhi di New Delhi ketika Lord Mountbatten menjadi Wizurai British di India. - AFP

NEW DELHI 23 April - Buku baru tentang Mahatma Gandhi yang menyelidik kehidupan seks ikon India yang terkenal dengan 'imej kesuciannya' itu tidak menghalangnya tidur dengan wanita bogel dan melakukan 'eksperimen' seks aneh.

Gandhi: Naked Ambition yang ditulis oleh ahli sejarah Britain, Jad Adams mendedahkan penemuan baru tentang pemimpin rohaniah dan hero kemerdekaan India yang mengamalkan hidup bersederhana dan menolak keduniaan sebagai sebahagian daripada imej popularnya.

Buku ini dikeluarkan di Britain dan boleh diperolehi di India tidak lama lagi, yang bakal memberi tamparan ke atas negara ini di mana imej Gandhi sangat dilindungi dan merupakan maruah kebangsaan.

Kehidupan seks Gandhi tidak diketahui umum. Beliau pernah menulis menyatakan rasa jijik melakukan hubungan seks bersama isterinya Kasturba, 15, apabila ayahnya meninggal dunia pada 1885.

Beliau melarang pengikut-pengikutnya walaupun pasangan yang sudah berkahwin daripada melakukan hubungan seks dan menasihati lelaki mandi air sejuk jika berasa ghairah.

Lebih 60 tahun selepas Gandhi meninggal dunia, Adams telah meneliti beratus-ratus tulisan Gandhi dan menemuramah saksi untuk mengetahui kehidupan seks lelaki yang dianggap santo dan bapa bagi negara India.

"Satu benda yang diketahui tentang Gandhi, beliau banyak menulis tentang seks.
"Apabila kami meneliti kehidupan seksnya, beliau mempunyai kelakuan seks yang normal dalam fasa pertama kehidupannya, sama seperti semua orang di dunia ini.

"Dia berkahwin dan mempunyai empat orang anak," kata Adams kepada AFP melalui panggilan telefon dari kediamannya di London.

Bagaimanapun, menurut Adams, apa yang menarik minatnya ialah apabila Gandhi membuat keputusan untuk menjadi seorang yang suci.

Enam tahun kemudian, beliau bersumpah dan mengamalkannya.

Namun, di sebalik imej alim agama Hindu, beliau sering mandi bersama wanita muda, melakukan urutan bogel dan selalu tidur dengan seorang atau lebih pengikut wanitanya, menurut buku Adams.

Adams berkata, dia tidak mempunyai bukti yang menunjukkan Gandhi melanggar sumpah kesuciannya dengan mana-mana wanita, walaupun dia mentaksirnya dengan cara yang lebih terbatas.

"Dia bercakap tentang penebusan. Bagaimanapun beliau menganggap seks hampir-hampir tidak penting.

" Pada pendapat saya, dia menggunakan wanita ini untuk cuba merangsangnya bagi menguji ketahanannya," kata Adams. - AFP

super_nova

musti kecoh kat india pasal buku ni

amazed

Friday June 3, 2011A fresh look at Mahatma GandhiReview by CHRISTINE ARMARIO

Here’s a fresh perspective on a global icon.
Great Soul: Mahatma Gandhi And His Struggle With India



Author: Joseph Lelyveld
Publisher: Knopf, 448 pages



IN this revealing, original portrait of the man known as the “Father of India,” Joseph Lelyveld charts the development of Gandhi’s social vision, tying his early experiences as a lawyer in South Africa to the movement he went on to lead at home.

Taking up a story already portrayed in countless books and films, Lelyveld constructs a fresh narrative, focusing on Gandhi’s maturation as a reformer and challenging many of the popular accounts around the Indian spiritual and intellectual leader’s growth.

“The Gandhi I’ve pursued is the one who claimed once to ‘have been trying all my life to identify myself with the most illiterate and downtrodden,”’ Lelyveld writes.

Lelyveld spent nearly four decades at The New York Times, serving as foreign correspondent in India and South Africa. He uses troves of articles, scholarly accounts and individual testimony to create a seamless, impartial account of Gandhi’s transformation.

The story begins with 23-year-old Gandhi’s arrival in South Africa, where he was to assist a Muslim merchant and his English attorney in a civil lawsuit. The brief sojourn turns into a 21-year expedition in which Gandhi’s beliefs about British colonial rule and India, in particular the discriminative caste system, are tested consistently.

The often repeated tale of Gandhi’s social awakening is that of his ejection from a first-class train compartment by a white passenger who refused to sit alongside a “coolie”. But Lelyveld highlights an equally jarring experience that had occurred two weeks before. Gandhi showed up to court in a black turban, and a magistrate insisted it be removed, saying it was a sign of disrespect.

Gandhi walked out instead of complying with the request.

Lelyveld also shores up evidence showing how Gandhi’s views on “untouchables,” the lowest-caste Indians whose integration and acceptance into mainstream life and society became one of his life’s principal causes, changed dramatically through his South Africa experience.

He begins with mostly conformist views on “untouchables,” advocating for the “free Indians,” not indentured labourers, but further exposure to their plight, particularly through war, altered his viewpoints, with Gandhi eventually leading a massive strike that yielded modest results.

By the time he left for India, Gandhi wrote, “I am, as ever, the community’s indentured laborer.”

Equally, or more daunting, challenges await Gandhi in India, where he is welcomed as an outsider. Early on, he concludes that in order for there to be progress, the poorest must be educated, as he claims to have done with the indentured in South Africa.

“Already he’s on his way to turning his South African experience into a parable,” Lelyveld notes, “editing out unfortunate details such as the outbreaks of violence in the sugar country, or the ambiguity of the movement’s results, especially the glaring shortfall in actual benefits for the indentured.”

Time and again Gandhi is met with adversity in his quest to lift the “untouchables” and unite Hindus and Muslims, a social transformation he believed vital to achieving independence.

Ultimately, this was a vision he was only, at best, momentarily able to realise. Despite the millions who marched alongside him and showed up to hear him speak, Gandhi was frequently disappointed by violence and intolerance that followed his steps toward advancement.

Lelyveld, who was awarded the 1986 Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction for his book, Move Your Shadow: South Africa, Black and White, succeeds in painting Gandhi the spiritual leader as remarkably human, prone to episodes of doubt, and so forceful in his quest that he sometimes alienated allies.

“There’s a tragic element in Gandhi’s life, not because he was assassinated, nor because his noblest qualities inflamed the hatred in his killer’s heart,” Lelyveld writes.

“The tragic element is that he was ultimately forced, like (Shakespeare’s) Lear, to see the limits of his ambition to remake his world.” – AP

bbalik

Lelaki Ini Seorang Tokoh Terkenal Dunia






dilahirkan di Porbandar, Gujerat, India. Lahir pada 2 Oktober 1869 .. uhh lama dah tu. Seorang tokoh dengan berlatarbelakangkan keluarga yang dikira berpengaruh juga. Ayahnya adalah merupakan seorang penasihat kepada pemerintah - ketika itu British.


Lelaki ini berkahwin awal, pada ketika umur 13 tahun lagi. Dan ayahnya meninggal dunia sebelum sempat melihat lelaki ini berkahwin dengan seorang gadis bernama Kasturba, yang lebih tua daripadanya.


Pada tahun 1888, lelaki ini telah meninggalkan India untuk melanjutkan pelajaran di England, dalam bidang undang-undang. Pada ketika itu, dia telahpun mempunyai seorang anak bernama Harilal, yang baru sahaja dilahirkan beberapa bulan.


1891, lelaki ini kembali ke India. Namun kemudiannya berhijrah ke Afrika Selatan dan bekerja dengan seorang lelaki bernama Dada Abdullah.


Lelaki ini terkenal dengan hak kesamaan serta keadilan, segalanya bermula apabila dia telah dicampak keluar dari sebuah gerabak keretapi kelas pertama, yang menidakkannya sebagai seorang yang mempunyai pendidikan dan berpelajaran. Walhal ketika itu, lelaki ini memang memegang tiket kelas pertama. Insiden itu disebabkan oleh dogma KULI atau coolies yang mengikat bangsa india sebagai taraf bawahan dalam masyarakat ketika itu.



Lelaki ini kembali ke India setelah lebih 20 tahun menetap di Afrika Selatan, iaitu pada tahun 1915. Dia dipenjara beberapa kali atas sikapnya menuntut keadilan dan kesaksamaan dalam masyarakat India. Dan namanya mula dikenali dunia apabila keluarnya dia dari penjara pada tahun 1925.


Dia yang mementingkan keamanan adalah antara individu yang berkerja keras untuk menjernihkan perhubungan antara Hindu dan Muslim, yang ketika itu sedang bergolak di India. Dan pada tahun 1924, dia telah melancarkan mogok lapar selama 21 hari kerana menbantah rusuhan yang berlaku antara penganut Hindu dan Muslim, yang berlaku di Kohat.


Dan pada tahun 1932, sekali lagi dia menganjurkan satu demo mogok lapar atau puasa sampai mati (Epic Fast) kerana membantah pengelasan kasta dalam masyarakat India.


Baca selengkapnya: Lelaki Ini Seorang Tokoh Terkenal Dunia | HASRULHASSAN.COM™
Under Creative Commons License: Attribution Non-Commercial Share Alike

bbalik

Bersama Muhammad Ali Jinnah - Pengasas Pakistan

Ayat terkenal - Mountbatten, yang bermaksud "one-man boundary force" merupakan ayat keramat (diunggap oleh sejarawan) kerana telah meredakan pertelingkahan antara Hindu dan Muslim di Calcutta ketika itu. Ketika itu, sebahagian dari India menuntut untuk berpisah bagi menubuhkan sebuah negara berasingan yang kini dikenali sebagai Pakistan.


Dia merupakan orang yang bertanggungjawab dengan kemerdekaan India pada  15 Ogos 1947.


Lelaki ini mati ditembak oleh seorang lelaki pada 30 Januari 1948 tepat jam 5.12 petang. Tokoh ini  dibunuh seorang lelaki Hindu yang marah kerana kepercayaan tokoh ini yang menginginkan rakyat Hindu dan Muslim diberikan hak yang sama. Walaupun, tokoh ini adalah seorang Hindu, dia menyukai falsafah dari agama-agama lain termasuk Islam dan Kristian. Dia percaya bahawa manusia tak kira agama harus mempunyai hak yang sama dan hidup bersama secara damai di dalam satu negara.


Baca selengkapnya: Lelaki Ini Seorang Tokoh Terkenal Dunia | HASRULHASSAN.COM™
Under Creative Commons License: Attribution Non-Commercial Share Alike

bbalik

Mahatma Gandhi – The Father of India (1869-1948)

Dia ialah Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi atau lebih dikenali sebagai Mahatma Gadhi.

genot

kokesion semua benda pun nak dipikirkannya ke lain (seks)... pelik betul aku normal lah dah menikah tu bertutut kang tak betutut tu bukan ke menghala ke sebelah satu lagi pulak kata kokesion tu? balik2 pun menghala ke situ gak, bodo punya kokesion...

sekngucing

rupa gandhi ada iras2  datok aku sikit2